Copyright © 2006 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
X. SOURCES OF STATISTICS
McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: the Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Taylor, Lenette S. The Supply for Tomorrow Must Not Fail: The Civil War of Captain Simon Perkins Jr., a Union Quartermaster. Kent: Kent State Press, 2004.
United States. Bureau of the Census. 1860 Federal Census of Population.
Wagner, Margaret E, Gallagher, Gary W., and Paul Finkelman. The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
XI. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bacon, Benjamin. Sinews of War: How Technology, Industry, and Transportation Won the Civil War. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1997.
Ball, Douglas B. Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.
Black, Robert C. The Railroads of the Confederacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952.
Bradlee, Francis B. C. Blockade Running During the Civil War and Effect of Land and Water Transportation on the Confederacy. Salem, MA: Essex Institute, 1925.
Browning, Robert M. Success Is All That Was Expected: the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron During the Civil War. Washington: Brassey's, 2002.
Carse, Robert. Blockade: the Civil War at Sea. New York: Rinehart, 1958.
Clark, John E. Jr. Railroads in the Civil War: the Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
Estaville, Lawrence E. Confederate Neckties: Louisiana Railroads in the Civil War. Ruston, LA: McGinty Publications, 1989.
Fiske, John. The Mississippi Valley in the Civil War. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1900.
Forsyth, Michael J. The Red River Campaign of 1864 and the Loss by the Confederacy of the Civil War. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002.
Gabel, Christopher R. Rails to Oblivion: the Battle of Confederate Railroads in the Civil War. Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command & General Staff Press, 2002.
Gates, Paul Wallace. Agriculture and the Civil War. New York: Knopf, 1965.
Goff, Richard D. Confederate Supply. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1969.
Goff, Richard D. Logistics and Supply Problems of the Confederacy. Ann Arbor,MI: University Microfilms, 1972.
Horner, Dave. The Blockade-Runners: True Tales of Running the Yankee Blockade of the Confederate Coast. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1968.
Johnson, Ludwell H. Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1958.
Lonn, Ella. Salt as a Factor in the Confederacy. New York: W. Neale, 1933.
Moore, Jerrold Northrop. Confederate Commissary General: Lucius Bellinger Northrop and the Subsistence Bureau of the Southern Army. Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publications, 1996.
Nichols, James Lynn. The Confederate Quartermaster in the Trans-Mississippi. Austin: University of Texas, 1964.
Pratt, Fletcher. Civil War on Western Waters. New York: Holt, 1956.
Shea, William Land and Terrence J. Winschel. Vicksburg is the Key: the Struggle for the Mississippi River. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
Surdam, David G. Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001.
Titus, David E. The Failure of the Confederate Vicksburg Campaign. Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College, 1996.
Turner, George Edgar. Victory Rode the Rails: the Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972.
Weber, Thomas. The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861-1865. New York: King's Crown Press, 1952.
Windham, William. Logistics in the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy. University of Alabama Press, 1955.
Wise, Stephen R. Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988.
Thomas A. Pearson, Reference Librarian
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
Showing posts with label Railroads. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Railroads. Show all posts
Thursday, July 1, 2010
Saturday, May 22, 2010
LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, PART I
Copyright © 2006 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
I. Civil War Era Geography & Population
Number of States:
North: 23, plus seven territories and District of Columbia
South: 11
Total Number Persons:
North: 22,339,989
South: 9,101,090
Total Black Persons:
North: 429,401 (slave); 355,310 (free); 784,711 (total)
South: 3,521,110 (slave); 132,760 (free); 3,653,870 (total)
The pool of persons liable for military service in the North was four times greater than the pool of eligibles in the South, even before free blacks are included in the totals. Also, immigration continued in the North during the war (more than 500,000 persons immigrated during 1861-1864), while the Union naval blockade halted most immigration to Southern states throughout the war.
Of the 25 largest cities in the US in 1860, only three were in seceding states: No. 6, New Orleans, LA; No. 22, Charleston, SC; and No. 25, Richmond, VA.
Because of advances in public schooling, only 6% of free adults in the North were illiterate in 1860. In the South public schooling had not yet made wide inroads, and the failure was reflected in Southern literacy rates- nearly 50% of free Southern adults were illiterate in 1860.
II. Civil War Era Agriculture
Cultivated Land:
North: 105,000,000 acres
South: 57,000,000 acres
Cash Value of Farms, Farm Dwellings, Livestock, & Farm Equipment:
North: $5,056,151,204
South: $1,579,349,508
Cash Value of Farm Implements, Machinery, & Livestock:
North: $930,413,926
South: $397,072,820
Amount of Farm Equipment per Agricultural Worker:
North: $66.00
South: $38.00
Percentage of Labor Force Engaged in Agriculture:
North: 40%
South: 84%
Farm production in the North actually increased during the war, in spite of the loss of thousands of farmers to the Union Army. Bumper crops in 1861 and 1862 actually meant that food was exported by the North in large quantities. The number of hogs butchered yearly in Chicago increased from 270,000 in 1861 to 900,000 in 1865. New farm machinery like mowers, horse rakes, separators, sowers, cultivators, and drills allowed farm wives to manage many of the chores that had recently required the physical strength of one or more men to accomplish. The US Department of Agriculture was formed during the war to help farmers produce larger crops with less labor.
Principal southern crops were cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar. Continuous planting of cotton and tobacco tended to wear out the soil, leading to nitrogen depletion and lower crop yields. Also, the two major crops, cotton and tobacco, were not edible, and the Union blockade hindered Southern efforts to use exports of those crops to secure funds necessary to purchase war materials. The cotton-producing states kept only 5% of their crops for use by Southern mills- 70% was exported, mostly to England, and 25% was sent to mills in the North. Middlemen skimmed part of the profit right off the top, for insurance, warehousing, and shipping. The role of middlemen didn't stop there, of course- cotton goods being returned from English mills were usually sent to Northern ports, then shipped from there by rail to Southern markets.
[Sources of statistics and bibliography included in last installment of this article.]
I. Civil War Era Geography & Population
Number of States:
North: 23, plus seven territories and District of Columbia
South: 11
Total Number Persons:
North: 22,339,989
South: 9,101,090
Total Black Persons:
North: 429,401 (slave); 355,310 (free); 784,711 (total)
South: 3,521,110 (slave); 132,760 (free); 3,653,870 (total)
The pool of persons liable for military service in the North was four times greater than the pool of eligibles in the South, even before free blacks are included in the totals. Also, immigration continued in the North during the war (more than 500,000 persons immigrated during 1861-1864), while the Union naval blockade halted most immigration to Southern states throughout the war.
Of the 25 largest cities in the US in 1860, only three were in seceding states: No. 6, New Orleans, LA; No. 22, Charleston, SC; and No. 25, Richmond, VA.
Because of advances in public schooling, only 6% of free adults in the North were illiterate in 1860. In the South public schooling had not yet made wide inroads, and the failure was reflected in Southern literacy rates- nearly 50% of free Southern adults were illiterate in 1860.
II. Civil War Era Agriculture
Cultivated Land:
North: 105,000,000 acres
South: 57,000,000 acres
Cash Value of Farms, Farm Dwellings, Livestock, & Farm Equipment:
North: $5,056,151,204
South: $1,579,349,508
Cash Value of Farm Implements, Machinery, & Livestock:
North: $930,413,926
South: $397,072,820
Amount of Farm Equipment per Agricultural Worker:
North: $66.00
South: $38.00
Percentage of Labor Force Engaged in Agriculture:
North: 40%
South: 84%
Farm production in the North actually increased during the war, in spite of the loss of thousands of farmers to the Union Army. Bumper crops in 1861 and 1862 actually meant that food was exported by the North in large quantities. The number of hogs butchered yearly in Chicago increased from 270,000 in 1861 to 900,000 in 1865. New farm machinery like mowers, horse rakes, separators, sowers, cultivators, and drills allowed farm wives to manage many of the chores that had recently required the physical strength of one or more men to accomplish. The US Department of Agriculture was formed during the war to help farmers produce larger crops with less labor.
Principal southern crops were cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar. Continuous planting of cotton and tobacco tended to wear out the soil, leading to nitrogen depletion and lower crop yields. Also, the two major crops, cotton and tobacco, were not edible, and the Union blockade hindered Southern efforts to use exports of those crops to secure funds necessary to purchase war materials. The cotton-producing states kept only 5% of their crops for use by Southern mills- 70% was exported, mostly to England, and 25% was sent to mills in the North. Middlemen skimmed part of the profit right off the top, for insurance, warehousing, and shipping. The role of middlemen didn't stop there, of course- cotton goods being returned from English mills were usually sent to Northern ports, then shipped from there by rail to Southern markets.
[Sources of statistics and bibliography included in last installment of this article.]
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