Horns of the Bull: British Tragedy and Triumph at Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift
PART IV
Rorke's Drift (22-23 January 1879):
22 January 1879 - Zulu reserves sent to attack Rorke's Drift.
8 AM- Lt. Chard rides toward Isandlwana to check on orders, but is warned away by mounted sentries and sees a party of Zulus moving across the Plateau in the general direction of Rorke's Drift. Chard arrives at the Drift at noon; he tells Major Spalding there but no action is taken.
2 PM- Maj. Spalding leaves to speed up relief column being sent from Helpmekaar. Lt. Chard, left in command by Spalding, watches the Buffalo River and soon sees Isandlwana survivors crossing the river and hears distant rifle fire.
2:30 PM- Two lieutenants report the defeat at Isandlwana to Chard, then ride on to Helpmekaar after warning the men at Rorke's Drift.
3 PM- Chard assumes command at the mission station as a defensive wall is built with meelie bags, biscuit boxes, and two wagons.
3:30 PM- Men return from the Drift with a water cart and tools on orders from Chard, who returns with them.
4:30 PM- Chard orders six men to guard the hospital, readies reserve ammunition, and orders men to fix bayonets. A lookout is posted on the ridgepole of the mission store.
5 PM- As the Zulu approach, local defense forces and the native contingent depart, reducing Chard's command from 350 to 139 (30 of them sick in the hospital). Work continues on the improvised wall around the station.
5:30 PM- Initial Zulu attack is from the south; is beaten back by steady rifle fire. New attack comes from west of the hospital along the thinly held northern wall. Zulus armed with rifles commence sniping from nearby hill.
6 PM- Zulu attack continues- British defenders are forced to retire into the yard, weakening the defenses of the hospital.
6:20-7:15 PM- Zulus concentrate attack on hospital; some occupants are killed in their beds, other manage to flee through hole cut in hospital wall. Hospital is on fire, but light from the fire helps British defenders track the movements of the Zulus.
7 PM-Midnight- British fend off wave after wave of Zulu attackers.
23 January 1879- 4 AM- Zulus retire from the battleground.
8 AM- Rorke's Drift defenders are relieved by column under Lord Chelmsford.
Casualties at Rorke's Drift: The British suffered 17 men killed (15 KIA and two mortally wounded) and 10 wounded at Rorke's Drift, of the 139 men present when the battle began (19% casualty rate). A majority of the 17 dead men were killed by rifle fire (only patients in or defenders in the hospital were stabbed to death with the Ikwa). 350 or so Zulu dead were found on the field at Rorke's Drift after the battle-- many wounded warriors were borne away from the battlefield by their fellow warriors (Zulu casualty rate was at least 25%).
Eleven British soldiers were awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions at Rorke's Drift, the most awarded for a single military action in British history. While these men most certainly earned their awards, there also seems to be little doubt that authorities back home in bestowing this bumper crop of awards for heroism under fire were hoping to divert attention from the British disaster at Isandlwana to the British miracle at Rorke's Drift.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Clammer, David. The Zulu War. NY: St. Martin's Press, 1973.
Edgerton, Robert B. Like Lions They Fought: the Zulu War and the Last Black Empire in South Africa. NY: Free Press, 1988.
Glover, Michael. Rorke's Drift: a Victorian Epic. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1975.
Greaves, Adrian. Crossing the Buffalo: the Zulu War of 1879. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
2005.
Knight, Ian. Great Zulu Battles 1838-1906. London: Arms & Armour, 1998.
Morris, Donald R. The Washing of the Spears: a History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under
Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1986.
Snook, Mike. Like Wolves on the Fold: the Defence of Rorke's Drift. London: Greenhill, 2006.
Taylor, Stephen. Shaka's Children: a History of the Zulu People. London: HarperCollins, 1995.
Thomas A. Pearson, Reference Librarian
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
tpearson@slpl.org
http://www.slpl.org/
Link to our other indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
Wednesday, December 30, 2009
Saturday, December 26, 2009
HORNS OF THE BULL, PART III
Horns of the Bull: British Tragedy and Triumph at Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift
PART III
Chronology
11 December 1878- British ultimatum to Zulu King Cetshwayo.
12 December 1878-10 January 1879- British forces assemble along Zululand border in preparation for invasion.
11 January 1879- British invade Zululand, leaving small garrison and hospital at Rorke's Drift.
Isandlwana (22 January 1879): Isandlwana (it was a large irregular-shaped height) lay about ten miles out from Rorke's Drift. Lord Chelmsford camped there because heavy rains required that the road they were following be repaired. The area around Isandlwana offered a plentiful supply of drinking water and driftwood for fires, and appeared to offer the field of fire that Chelmsford felt was necessary. He did not, however, order the men to entrench, since he believed that superior British weapons afforded him an insuperable advantage over the Zulus.
The position was not as impregnable as Lord Chelmsford imagined, however. The large area of open ground was in fact pitted with numerous gullies that were obscured by brush and through which fairly large groups of Zulus could pass undetected by British sentries. He also elected not to circle (laager) his wagons, even though it would have made his position more secure, because doing so was a complicated business, and some of the wagons were to be sent back shortly to Rorke's Drift to resupply. He did set out pickets and a mounted vidette, although these early warning systems were posted much closer to camp than officers in Chelmsford's Native Contingent advised. Chelmsford also sent a mounted patrol out towards the east, which reported no sign of Zulus, although reports were filtering in of Zulu activity to the south (the direction from which it would be least expected).
On the morning of 22 January 1879, Lord Chelmsford himself set off with 2,500 men to do a reconnoiter of the area where Zulus had supposedly been sighted in force. He also took four guns with his column. This left a force of around 2,000 men to defend the camp at Isandlwana. Of these, 1,168 were Natal volunteer force troops or Natal Native Contingent.
Shortly before noon on 22 January 1879, a British patrol crested a rise and found themselves in the midst of a Zulu army. This army was composed of at least 20,000 Zulu warriors. The British fired one volley and quickly withdrew, sending messengers in the meantime to warn other patrols, Chelmsford, and the camp at Isandlwana.
As the main Zulu column approached the camp (around 12:30), artillery fire greeted them. Apparently, this fire began while the Zulu were still well out of range, so the fire did little damage to the Zulu. When they got closer, the Zulu closest to the guns threw themselves down when they saw the gunners step away from their guns (an indication the gun was about to be fired).
The Zulu advanced in 20 or so well-disciplined rows, the chest and left horn appearing to observers to be maintaining somewhat better order than the right horn. The British regulars at this point, however, were well-ordered, and their continuous and very accurate fire kept the Zulu attack at bay at a range of around 400 yards (the Martini-Henry's optimum firing distance). Some Zulus were armed with the same weapon, but their fire did much less damage (reports said that they generally fired high and did little damage to the British).
The British maintained discipline and a steady, controlled fire for approximately one hour, at which time their line disintegrated and all hell broke loose. It has been suggested that the British had trouble getting ammunition boxes open and in getting ammunition to the firing line, but the ammunition boxes were secured with one screw that could dislodged if necessary with a gun butt. Testimony of several survivors suggests that bandsmen and wagon drivers were set to work carrying ammunition to the firing line.
Two other problems that may have contributed to the British collapse have been suggested. The first suggests that continuous firing of the Martini-Henry often caused problems with the weapon's lever action, and a cartridge in the chamber would have to be removed by hand before the weapon could be fired again. Testimony mentioning this difficulty, however, concerns the Natal volunteers and the Natal Native Contingent, not British regulars.
The third problem suggested is smoke. Continuous firing of artillery and black powder firearms raising a choking, sight-obscuring cloud of black smoke that makes it hard to breathe and hard to see your targets. In the time shortly before the British collapse, the regulars were mostly firing blind, hoping to hit a Zulu in the smoke and confusion.
Once a withdrawal from camp was apparently ordered by the senior officer (two survivors reported that it began before the bugle command to do so), the British firing line disintegrated and the Zulu rushed forward to follow the retreating men. Testimony from Zulu attackers and British survivors suggests that the men in the firing line were stretched too thin, and that there were perceptible gaps between units in the firing line.
An often overlooked reason for the British collapse, of course, was the bravery and determination of the attacking Zulu. As George Pickett said when asked why the advance named for him had failed, "I think the Union Army had something to do with it." British firepower initially stalled the Zulu attack-- they had never before faced such weapons. But attackers were reformed and the attack pressed forward, in spite of terrible losses in the front ranks of the attackers. There is no definitive count of Zulu casualties at Isandlwana, but best estimates place Zulu dead on the field at 1,000 or slightly higher. Many other Zulu warriors were wounded, however, many badly so-- and with medical care available to Zulu battle casualties rudimentary at best, it seems highly likely that many additional warriors died later due to wounds received at Isandlwana.
Casualties at Isandlwana: The majority of British casualties were caused by the Ikwa-- the Zulu stabbing spear, with a much lesser number caused by the throwing spear. Some British casualties were caused by small arms fire, partly from older weapons Zulu had acquired prior to the war, the rest from Martini-Henry rifles picked up from soldiers killed earlier that day. Since the Zulu were not trained in the use of those weapons, however, they were not as deadly as they were in the hands of British regulars. Soldiers who were not killed outright in the Zulu attack were killed by being disemboweled-- the Zulu believed that doing so was necessary to release the spirit of a warrior (friend or foe) into the afterlife, and that failing to do so meant that your own belly would bloat like a dead man's and kill you. No wounded soldiers survived-- all were killed by the Zulu. There was also some mutilation of British corpses beyond the ritual emboweling-- some soldiers were also beheaded, along with other, even more unsettling desecrations. A press report after the battle noted that two drummer boys had been mutilated while still alive, although experts disagree on whether the boys were dead or alive when the mutilations took place (the report did bring to an end the practice of taking drummer boys in the field with their regiments). Looting of corpses also occurred, in part because Zulu superstition demanded that a warrior take an article of clothing from a man he had killed. The Zulu also killed every animal in the British entourage- horses, oxen, and dogs.
A majority of Zulu casualties were caused by small arms fire, specifically fire from the Martini-Henry rifle. Accounts of the battle in later years by Zulu survivors mention, however, that when ammunition for rifles ran out, soldiers used pistols, bayonets, and the butts of their rifles as clubs. Some soldiers were killed while attempting to flee towards the Buffalo River, but a majority were killed in groups in and around the camp at Isandlwana.
Thomas A. Pearson, Reference Librarian
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
tpearson@slpl.org
http://www.slpl.org/
Link to our other indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
PART III
Chronology
11 December 1878- British ultimatum to Zulu King Cetshwayo.
12 December 1878-10 January 1879- British forces assemble along Zululand border in preparation for invasion.
11 January 1879- British invade Zululand, leaving small garrison and hospital at Rorke's Drift.
Isandlwana (22 January 1879): Isandlwana (it was a large irregular-shaped height) lay about ten miles out from Rorke's Drift. Lord Chelmsford camped there because heavy rains required that the road they were following be repaired. The area around Isandlwana offered a plentiful supply of drinking water and driftwood for fires, and appeared to offer the field of fire that Chelmsford felt was necessary. He did not, however, order the men to entrench, since he believed that superior British weapons afforded him an insuperable advantage over the Zulus.
The position was not as impregnable as Lord Chelmsford imagined, however. The large area of open ground was in fact pitted with numerous gullies that were obscured by brush and through which fairly large groups of Zulus could pass undetected by British sentries. He also elected not to circle (laager) his wagons, even though it would have made his position more secure, because doing so was a complicated business, and some of the wagons were to be sent back shortly to Rorke's Drift to resupply. He did set out pickets and a mounted vidette, although these early warning systems were posted much closer to camp than officers in Chelmsford's Native Contingent advised. Chelmsford also sent a mounted patrol out towards the east, which reported no sign of Zulus, although reports were filtering in of Zulu activity to the south (the direction from which it would be least expected).
On the morning of 22 January 1879, Lord Chelmsford himself set off with 2,500 men to do a reconnoiter of the area where Zulus had supposedly been sighted in force. He also took four guns with his column. This left a force of around 2,000 men to defend the camp at Isandlwana. Of these, 1,168 were Natal volunteer force troops or Natal Native Contingent.
Shortly before noon on 22 January 1879, a British patrol crested a rise and found themselves in the midst of a Zulu army. This army was composed of at least 20,000 Zulu warriors. The British fired one volley and quickly withdrew, sending messengers in the meantime to warn other patrols, Chelmsford, and the camp at Isandlwana.
As the main Zulu column approached the camp (around 12:30), artillery fire greeted them. Apparently, this fire began while the Zulu were still well out of range, so the fire did little damage to the Zulu. When they got closer, the Zulu closest to the guns threw themselves down when they saw the gunners step away from their guns (an indication the gun was about to be fired).
The Zulu advanced in 20 or so well-disciplined rows, the chest and left horn appearing to observers to be maintaining somewhat better order than the right horn. The British regulars at this point, however, were well-ordered, and their continuous and very accurate fire kept the Zulu attack at bay at a range of around 400 yards (the Martini-Henry's optimum firing distance). Some Zulus were armed with the same weapon, but their fire did much less damage (reports said that they generally fired high and did little damage to the British).
The British maintained discipline and a steady, controlled fire for approximately one hour, at which time their line disintegrated and all hell broke loose. It has been suggested that the British had trouble getting ammunition boxes open and in getting ammunition to the firing line, but the ammunition boxes were secured with one screw that could dislodged if necessary with a gun butt. Testimony of several survivors suggests that bandsmen and wagon drivers were set to work carrying ammunition to the firing line.
Two other problems that may have contributed to the British collapse have been suggested. The first suggests that continuous firing of the Martini-Henry often caused problems with the weapon's lever action, and a cartridge in the chamber would have to be removed by hand before the weapon could be fired again. Testimony mentioning this difficulty, however, concerns the Natal volunteers and the Natal Native Contingent, not British regulars.
The third problem suggested is smoke. Continuous firing of artillery and black powder firearms raising a choking, sight-obscuring cloud of black smoke that makes it hard to breathe and hard to see your targets. In the time shortly before the British collapse, the regulars were mostly firing blind, hoping to hit a Zulu in the smoke and confusion.
Once a withdrawal from camp was apparently ordered by the senior officer (two survivors reported that it began before the bugle command to do so), the British firing line disintegrated and the Zulu rushed forward to follow the retreating men. Testimony from Zulu attackers and British survivors suggests that the men in the firing line were stretched too thin, and that there were perceptible gaps between units in the firing line.
An often overlooked reason for the British collapse, of course, was the bravery and determination of the attacking Zulu. As George Pickett said when asked why the advance named for him had failed, "I think the Union Army had something to do with it." British firepower initially stalled the Zulu attack-- they had never before faced such weapons. But attackers were reformed and the attack pressed forward, in spite of terrible losses in the front ranks of the attackers. There is no definitive count of Zulu casualties at Isandlwana, but best estimates place Zulu dead on the field at 1,000 or slightly higher. Many other Zulu warriors were wounded, however, many badly so-- and with medical care available to Zulu battle casualties rudimentary at best, it seems highly likely that many additional warriors died later due to wounds received at Isandlwana.
Casualties at Isandlwana: The majority of British casualties were caused by the Ikwa-- the Zulu stabbing spear, with a much lesser number caused by the throwing spear. Some British casualties were caused by small arms fire, partly from older weapons Zulu had acquired prior to the war, the rest from Martini-Henry rifles picked up from soldiers killed earlier that day. Since the Zulu were not trained in the use of those weapons, however, they were not as deadly as they were in the hands of British regulars. Soldiers who were not killed outright in the Zulu attack were killed by being disemboweled-- the Zulu believed that doing so was necessary to release the spirit of a warrior (friend or foe) into the afterlife, and that failing to do so meant that your own belly would bloat like a dead man's and kill you. No wounded soldiers survived-- all were killed by the Zulu. There was also some mutilation of British corpses beyond the ritual emboweling-- some soldiers were also beheaded, along with other, even more unsettling desecrations. A press report after the battle noted that two drummer boys had been mutilated while still alive, although experts disagree on whether the boys were dead or alive when the mutilations took place (the report did bring to an end the practice of taking drummer boys in the field with their regiments). Looting of corpses also occurred, in part because Zulu superstition demanded that a warrior take an article of clothing from a man he had killed. The Zulu also killed every animal in the British entourage- horses, oxen, and dogs.
A majority of Zulu casualties were caused by small arms fire, specifically fire from the Martini-Henry rifle. Accounts of the battle in later years by Zulu survivors mention, however, that when ammunition for rifles ran out, soldiers used pistols, bayonets, and the butts of their rifles as clubs. Some soldiers were killed while attempting to flee towards the Buffalo River, but a majority were killed in groups in and around the camp at Isandlwana.
Thomas A. Pearson, Reference Librarian
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
tpearson@slpl.org
http://www.slpl.org/
Link to our other indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
Thursday, December 17, 2009
HORNS OF THE BULL, PART II
Horns of the Bull: British Tragedy and Triumph at Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift
PART II
The British Army: The British Army in 1878-1879 had neither the prestige nor the political clout of the Royal Navy. Conditions for enlisted men were abysmal, and the pay exceedingly low. Since there was no conscription at that time, enlisted recruits generally were men who had few other options. Men enlisted for six years, with an additional six-year reserve commitment. British regiments consisted (on paper at least) of two battalions-- one at a home depot in Great Britain, while its partner battalion was deployed overseas. The army in 1878, however, was small enough that in some instances both battalions of a regiment were in fact overseas-- the 24th Regiment of Foot was unusual, however, in that both its 1st and 2nd Battalions were deployed in the Zululand Campaign.
British troops were supplemented with Natal volunteer units and the Natal Native Contingent, which was formed with native levies. Chelmsford had eight Natal volunteer units, and seven Natal Native Contingent battalions at his disposal, and also had 1,200 men of the volunteer Frontier Light Horse available. The problem with his Natal volunteer and Native Contingent units, of course, was that they had neither the training nor the discipline of his British regulars.
British Weapons: The British Army employed the Martini-Henry .45 caliber single-shot, breech-loading, lever-action rifle. It was a reliable and accurate weapon, capable in the hands of an expert marksman of downing a target at 1,000 yards, and rear-sighted for a firing distance of 400 yards. Its muzzle velocity was 375 yards, or 1/5 of a mile, per second. It fired a soft lead bullet that flattened on impact, wreaking havoc on bones and soft tissue. The Martini-Henry rifle was used in combination with a 21 ½ inch bayonet known as a "lunger."
British Strategy and Tactics: Lord Chelmsford, senior commander of British forces in Zululand, elected to divide his forces and ordered them to advance and then converge on Cethswayo's main homestead. During the advance, they were to destroy as many Zulu amakhanda as possible, thus limiting the capacity of the Zulu to carry on a military campaign of any length. Chelmsford hoped to provoke an attack on open level ground, where it was assumed that British military discipline and firepower would more than compensate for British inferiority in numbers (Chelmsford had 16,000 men, including a not-so-reliable as he might have hoped native contingent, while Cethswayo had at least 40,000 men at his disposal, nearly 30,000 of whom were estimated by reliable observers to have been mustered by Cethswayo for his war with the British). This was ironic, in that Cethswayo also hoped for a decisive battle on open level ground, where he thought Zulu superior numbers and Shaka's Horns of the Bull tactics could inflict a telling defeat on the British. He specifically cautioned his war chiefs, however, against attacking entrenched British troops, for Cethswayo thought that taking such a strong position, while possible, would prove too costly for the Zulu.
Chelmsford's main columns crossed into Zululand at Rorke's Drift, while a much smaller unit under Colonel Charles Pearson crossed into Zululand at the Lower Drift near the mouth of the Tugela River. Some British regulars were left behind in Natal, partly to guard against Zulu incursions, and partly to keep an eye on the Boers. British intentions were painfully obvious to the Boers, many of whom then refused to take any part in the British invasion of Zululand.
British supplies had to transported by oxen, who could only move eleven miles per day on good roads in good weather conditions. Chelmsford had no system of supply depots, so each of his columns was obliged to carry all of it own food and equipment, and from its own men to supply a guard for its supply train.
Thomas A. Pearson, Reference Librarian
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
tpearson@slpl.org
http://www.slpl.org/
Link to our other indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
PART II
The British Army: The British Army in 1878-1879 had neither the prestige nor the political clout of the Royal Navy. Conditions for enlisted men were abysmal, and the pay exceedingly low. Since there was no conscription at that time, enlisted recruits generally were men who had few other options. Men enlisted for six years, with an additional six-year reserve commitment. British regiments consisted (on paper at least) of two battalions-- one at a home depot in Great Britain, while its partner battalion was deployed overseas. The army in 1878, however, was small enough that in some instances both battalions of a regiment were in fact overseas-- the 24th Regiment of Foot was unusual, however, in that both its 1st and 2nd Battalions were deployed in the Zululand Campaign.
British troops were supplemented with Natal volunteer units and the Natal Native Contingent, which was formed with native levies. Chelmsford had eight Natal volunteer units, and seven Natal Native Contingent battalions at his disposal, and also had 1,200 men of the volunteer Frontier Light Horse available. The problem with his Natal volunteer and Native Contingent units, of course, was that they had neither the training nor the discipline of his British regulars.
British Weapons: The British Army employed the Martini-Henry .45 caliber single-shot, breech-loading, lever-action rifle. It was a reliable and accurate weapon, capable in the hands of an expert marksman of downing a target at 1,000 yards, and rear-sighted for a firing distance of 400 yards. Its muzzle velocity was 375 yards, or 1/5 of a mile, per second. It fired a soft lead bullet that flattened on impact, wreaking havoc on bones and soft tissue. The Martini-Henry rifle was used in combination with a 21 ½ inch bayonet known as a "lunger."
British Strategy and Tactics: Lord Chelmsford, senior commander of British forces in Zululand, elected to divide his forces and ordered them to advance and then converge on Cethswayo's main homestead. During the advance, they were to destroy as many Zulu amakhanda as possible, thus limiting the capacity of the Zulu to carry on a military campaign of any length. Chelmsford hoped to provoke an attack on open level ground, where it was assumed that British military discipline and firepower would more than compensate for British inferiority in numbers (Chelmsford had 16,000 men, including a not-so-reliable as he might have hoped native contingent, while Cethswayo had at least 40,000 men at his disposal, nearly 30,000 of whom were estimated by reliable observers to have been mustered by Cethswayo for his war with the British). This was ironic, in that Cethswayo also hoped for a decisive battle on open level ground, where he thought Zulu superior numbers and Shaka's Horns of the Bull tactics could inflict a telling defeat on the British. He specifically cautioned his war chiefs, however, against attacking entrenched British troops, for Cethswayo thought that taking such a strong position, while possible, would prove too costly for the Zulu.
Chelmsford's main columns crossed into Zululand at Rorke's Drift, while a much smaller unit under Colonel Charles Pearson crossed into Zululand at the Lower Drift near the mouth of the Tugela River. Some British regulars were left behind in Natal, partly to guard against Zulu incursions, and partly to keep an eye on the Boers. British intentions were painfully obvious to the Boers, many of whom then refused to take any part in the British invasion of Zululand.
British supplies had to transported by oxen, who could only move eleven miles per day on good roads in good weather conditions. Chelmsford had no system of supply depots, so each of his columns was obliged to carry all of it own food and equipment, and from its own men to supply a guard for its supply train.
Thomas A. Pearson, Reference Librarian
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
tpearson@slpl.org
http://www.slpl.org/
Link to our other indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
Friday, December 11, 2009
HORNS OF THE BULL, PART I
Horns of the Bull: British Tragedy and Triumph at Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift
PART I
Location: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift are located in South Africa, about 60 miles inland from the Indian Ocean near the border where Natal and Zululand meet.
Strategic Importance of the Location: The border between British-controlled Natal and the Zulu kingdom was formed in the north by the Buffalo River, which flowed southwards into the Tugela River. Just south of Rorke's Drift the river dumped into a gorge and became a raging torrent that could only be forded safely at Tugela Drift, 60 miles south and close by the Indian Ocean. To the north and west of Natal and Zululand was the Transvaal, the area claimed by Dutch settlers known as the Boers.
The Zulu Army: The Zulu army was composed of units known as amabutho or impi-- the equivalent in many ways of a European regiment. These units engaged in both military tasks and non-military labors at the behest of the king. Zulu men at 18 were inducted into an amabutho, and served in the unit until such time as the king authorized them to marry (typically when the man was 35-40 years of age). Amabutho were grouped together in military homesteads known as amakhanda. Food and agricultural labor were supplied to the amabutho by female relatives of the warriors. Even after marriage Zulu men served in the king's army in one of its so-called married regiments.
Several amabutho were combined into a corps, with the ages of men in the combined amabutho differing so that older men could help teach the younger ones how to be good warriors. The Zulu army at the time of the Zulu War of 1879 consisted of 34 regiments organized into 12 corps. Seven of these regiments, however, were composed of men too old to actively campaign in the field, so King Cethswayo probably had about 40,000 men actually able to go off to war.
Discipline in the Zulu army was harsh. A man could be killed (normally beaten to death by other warriors) for failing to follow orders or to meet standards of performance. A Zulu army in the field could if necessary march fifty miles or more in a day. They traveled light, with just their spears and shields. Boys 14-18 years of age oversaw a herd of cattle that followed the army; these boys also carried the blankets and sleeping mats of the warriors.
The Legacy of Shaka Zulu: King Shaka Zulu is credited with teaching the Zulu army its aggressive, some would say brutal tactics. It was already aggressive, however, when Shaka took control of a regiment. His innovation was to order warriors in the regiment to melt down their inefficient throwing spears and reshape them as Ikwa, Shaka's famous stabbing spears (the Ikwa name derives from the sucking sound made when the Ikwa was pulled from a victim's body). Zulu warriors carried several throwing spears, and a club or axe, but their weapon of first resort was always the Ikwa. Shaka also had his men make new, smaller shields that could be hooked under an opponent's shield and used to pull it away from his body, so that the Ikwa could do its deadly work. Single men carried colored shields, while married men carried shields made from white cowhide.
Some of Cethswayo's men at the time of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift were in fact armed with firearms, and others were able to gather arms and ammunition from the dead at Isandlwana. Zulu men received no formal training in firearms use or marksmanship, however, and so were less proficient in their use than were the British regulars they faced. The weapons traded to the Zulu prior to the Zulu War of 1879, moreover, were generally older muzzle-loading weapons, not the newer, more accurate breech-loading weapons carried by British soldiers. Finally, the Zulu had no source of spare parts to repair damaged weapons nor men trained to do so, and no equipment or trained men to make new ammunition or reload used cartridges.
Horns of the Bull: Shaka also perfected the Zulu tactic known as Impondo Zankhomo, the Horns of the Bull, in which flankers in a Zulu attack formation (the horns) would encircle an enemy and leave it without means of escape. The main line of Zulus (the chest) would then engage with their Ikwas and attack shields and (usually) slaughter the enemy to the last man. The horns were typically made up of the youngest regiments present, while the chest consisted of the most experienced regiments present. Shaka Zulu was noted for his brutal treatment of enemies, and of allies and kinsmen who failed to meet his expectations. It led to his death, in fact: several of his lieutenants murdered him in a scene reminiscent of the death of Julius Caesar.
Historical Background: The Zulu people had been united and its warriors trained in the art of warfare by King Shaka, who died in 1828. Power passed to Shaka's brother, King Mpande. Mpande had two sons, Mbulazi and Cetshwayo. King Mpande favored Mbulazi, which seemed odd because Mbulazi was a bookish, intellectual type while Cetshwayo was drawn to the military life and studied the life and campaigns of King Shaka. Forces loyal to Cetshwayo attacked British traders in Zululand. King Mpande sent forces under Mbulazi to rein in Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo defeated Mbulazi in a bloody battle at Ndonakusuka. Cetshwayo then ordered the deaths of Mbulazi and five relatives who had supported him, along with thousands of others who had fought for Mbulazi. Thousands of corpses were thrown into the Tugela River, and washed up for weeks afterward at its mouth on the Indian Ocean.
Cetshwayo took over as ruler of Zululand, and proclaimed himself its king after the death of King Mpande in 1872. At this time tension was increasing between the Zulus and their neighbors to the north, the Boers. The Boers occupied the area known as the Transvaal. Boer settlers had been spilling out from the Transvaal and seizing land owned by the Zulu for their farms. A combination of Transvaal financial difficulties and Boer fear of Zulu retaliation led to the British annexation of the Transvaal. This placed a strain on the formerly amiable relations between the British and King Cetshwayo.
Boer settlers continued to pour into Zululand, and Cetshwayo at first looked to the British for help, but finally realized that the British were going to side with the Boers. Some British officials secretly hoped for war with the Zulus, reasoning that 1) victory would be a fairly simple, relatively bloodless affair and that 2) a quick British victory would both placate the Boers and demonstrated to them the military might of the new owners of the Transvaal.
A commission appointed to settle the disputed land claims in Zululand, however, came to the unexpected decision that Boer land claims generally were based on unsigned or forged documents, and that no formal cession of land had ever been made according to long-standing Zulu custom. The British officials who had hoped for war suppressed the commission findings while seeking a way to start a war that both Cetshwayo and officials in London didn't want.
Two minor incidents gave the warmongers their excuse, however-- two adulterous wives of a minor Zulu chief were beaten to death in sight of British troops at Rorke's Drift, and a second Zulu chieftain made a raid on a Boer settler's cattle. Rumors planted in the press by the British that Cetshwayo had 50,000 warriors poised to invade Natal didn't help. A demand was made that Cetshwayo drastically reduce the size and composition of his army, surrender the offending chieftains to the British, and submit every dispute between Zulus and Boers or British settlers to a British official. On his refusal, the British invasion of Zululand began.
Thomas A. Pearson, Reference Librarian
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
tpearson@slpl.org
http://www.slpl.org/
Link to our other indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
PART I
Location: Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift are located in South Africa, about 60 miles inland from the Indian Ocean near the border where Natal and Zululand meet.
Strategic Importance of the Location: The border between British-controlled Natal and the Zulu kingdom was formed in the north by the Buffalo River, which flowed southwards into the Tugela River. Just south of Rorke's Drift the river dumped into a gorge and became a raging torrent that could only be forded safely at Tugela Drift, 60 miles south and close by the Indian Ocean. To the north and west of Natal and Zululand was the Transvaal, the area claimed by Dutch settlers known as the Boers.
The Zulu Army: The Zulu army was composed of units known as amabutho or impi-- the equivalent in many ways of a European regiment. These units engaged in both military tasks and non-military labors at the behest of the king. Zulu men at 18 were inducted into an amabutho, and served in the unit until such time as the king authorized them to marry (typically when the man was 35-40 years of age). Amabutho were grouped together in military homesteads known as amakhanda. Food and agricultural labor were supplied to the amabutho by female relatives of the warriors. Even after marriage Zulu men served in the king's army in one of its so-called married regiments.
Several amabutho were combined into a corps, with the ages of men in the combined amabutho differing so that older men could help teach the younger ones how to be good warriors. The Zulu army at the time of the Zulu War of 1879 consisted of 34 regiments organized into 12 corps. Seven of these regiments, however, were composed of men too old to actively campaign in the field, so King Cethswayo probably had about 40,000 men actually able to go off to war.
Discipline in the Zulu army was harsh. A man could be killed (normally beaten to death by other warriors) for failing to follow orders or to meet standards of performance. A Zulu army in the field could if necessary march fifty miles or more in a day. They traveled light, with just their spears and shields. Boys 14-18 years of age oversaw a herd of cattle that followed the army; these boys also carried the blankets and sleeping mats of the warriors.
The Legacy of Shaka Zulu: King Shaka Zulu is credited with teaching the Zulu army its aggressive, some would say brutal tactics. It was already aggressive, however, when Shaka took control of a regiment. His innovation was to order warriors in the regiment to melt down their inefficient throwing spears and reshape them as Ikwa, Shaka's famous stabbing spears (the Ikwa name derives from the sucking sound made when the Ikwa was pulled from a victim's body). Zulu warriors carried several throwing spears, and a club or axe, but their weapon of first resort was always the Ikwa. Shaka also had his men make new, smaller shields that could be hooked under an opponent's shield and used to pull it away from his body, so that the Ikwa could do its deadly work. Single men carried colored shields, while married men carried shields made from white cowhide.
Some of Cethswayo's men at the time of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift were in fact armed with firearms, and others were able to gather arms and ammunition from the dead at Isandlwana. Zulu men received no formal training in firearms use or marksmanship, however, and so were less proficient in their use than were the British regulars they faced. The weapons traded to the Zulu prior to the Zulu War of 1879, moreover, were generally older muzzle-loading weapons, not the newer, more accurate breech-loading weapons carried by British soldiers. Finally, the Zulu had no source of spare parts to repair damaged weapons nor men trained to do so, and no equipment or trained men to make new ammunition or reload used cartridges.
Horns of the Bull: Shaka also perfected the Zulu tactic known as Impondo Zankhomo, the Horns of the Bull, in which flankers in a Zulu attack formation (the horns) would encircle an enemy and leave it without means of escape. The main line of Zulus (the chest) would then engage with their Ikwas and attack shields and (usually) slaughter the enemy to the last man. The horns were typically made up of the youngest regiments present, while the chest consisted of the most experienced regiments present. Shaka Zulu was noted for his brutal treatment of enemies, and of allies and kinsmen who failed to meet his expectations. It led to his death, in fact: several of his lieutenants murdered him in a scene reminiscent of the death of Julius Caesar.
Historical Background: The Zulu people had been united and its warriors trained in the art of warfare by King Shaka, who died in 1828. Power passed to Shaka's brother, King Mpande. Mpande had two sons, Mbulazi and Cetshwayo. King Mpande favored Mbulazi, which seemed odd because Mbulazi was a bookish, intellectual type while Cetshwayo was drawn to the military life and studied the life and campaigns of King Shaka. Forces loyal to Cetshwayo attacked British traders in Zululand. King Mpande sent forces under Mbulazi to rein in Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo defeated Mbulazi in a bloody battle at Ndonakusuka. Cetshwayo then ordered the deaths of Mbulazi and five relatives who had supported him, along with thousands of others who had fought for Mbulazi. Thousands of corpses were thrown into the Tugela River, and washed up for weeks afterward at its mouth on the Indian Ocean.
Cetshwayo took over as ruler of Zululand, and proclaimed himself its king after the death of King Mpande in 1872. At this time tension was increasing between the Zulus and their neighbors to the north, the Boers. The Boers occupied the area known as the Transvaal. Boer settlers had been spilling out from the Transvaal and seizing land owned by the Zulu for their farms. A combination of Transvaal financial difficulties and Boer fear of Zulu retaliation led to the British annexation of the Transvaal. This placed a strain on the formerly amiable relations between the British and King Cetshwayo.
Boer settlers continued to pour into Zululand, and Cetshwayo at first looked to the British for help, but finally realized that the British were going to side with the Boers. Some British officials secretly hoped for war with the Zulus, reasoning that 1) victory would be a fairly simple, relatively bloodless affair and that 2) a quick British victory would both placate the Boers and demonstrated to them the military might of the new owners of the Transvaal.
A commission appointed to settle the disputed land claims in Zululand, however, came to the unexpected decision that Boer land claims generally were based on unsigned or forged documents, and that no formal cession of land had ever been made according to long-standing Zulu custom. The British officials who had hoped for war suppressed the commission findings while seeking a way to start a war that both Cetshwayo and officials in London didn't want.
Two minor incidents gave the warmongers their excuse, however-- two adulterous wives of a minor Zulu chief were beaten to death in sight of British troops at Rorke's Drift, and a second Zulu chieftain made a raid on a Boer settler's cattle. Rumors planted in the press by the British that Cetshwayo had 50,000 warriors poised to invade Natal didn't help. A demand was made that Cetshwayo drastically reduce the size and composition of his army, surrender the offending chieftains to the British, and submit every dispute between Zulus and Boers or British settlers to a British official. On his refusal, the British invasion of Zululand began.
Thomas A. Pearson, Reference Librarian
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
tpearson@slpl.org
http://www.slpl.org/
Link to our other indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
Friday, December 4, 2009
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT-- PART IV
The Manhattan Project: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography of Books in the Collection of St. Louis Public Library
PART IV
Sanger, S. L. Hanford and the Bomb: an Oral History of World War II. Seattle: Living History Press, 1989. 199 p. Photographs; bibliography. Central-ST 623.451
Many people are aware of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos facility: fewer are aware that workers at other top-secret locations also contributed to the manufacture of the world's first atomic weapons. This is an oral history of the Project's Hanford, Washington facility, which manufactured plutonium to be used in the first bomb. The author interviewed dozens of former Hanford employees in 1986, and allowed them to tell their stories with as few interruptions as possible.
Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 276 p. Maps; bibliography; index. Central-ST 940.5425
Author argues that U.S. insistence on Japanese unconditional surrender made dropping of the atomic bomb a foregone conclusion, when invasion of the Japanese mainland would have been a less costly alternative than has been previously believed, and a naval blockade of Japan as an alternative to invasion was never even seriously considered.
Stern, Philip M. The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial. New York: Harper & Row, 1969. 591 p. Notes; index. Central-ST 351.74
J. Robert Oppenheimer, chief scientist of the Manhattan Project, was denounced as a Communist after the war and removed from his government position after revocation of his security clearance. Includes a post-script by Lloyd K. Garrison, Oppenheimer's chief counsel at his loyalty hearings.
Szasz, Ferenc Morton. The Day the Sun Rose Twice: the Story of the Trinity Site Nuclear Explosion, July 16, 1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984. 233 p. Central-ST 623.45119
Focuses on the Trinity site in New Mexico, the scene on July 16, 1945, of the detonation of the world's first nuclear weapon. The author provides coverage of the events leading up to the test, and then looks at the aftermath (physical and political) of the blast. The author interviewed numerous persons connected with the Trinity test. One reported that General Leslie Groves, the military man in charge of the Manhattan Project, on viewing the crater created by the Trinity blast, said, "Is that all?" The observer felt that General Groves seemed somewhat disappointed that the hole didn't extend to the center of the earth.
Takaki, Ronald T. Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1995. 193 p. Photographs; notes; index. Central-ST, CP 940.5425
Argues that most American principal players in the decision to use the atomic bomb, both civilian and military, had doubts about the morality of their actions. He further suggests that even President Truman, who was always quick to publicly deny any doubts or misgivings about use of the bomb, privately did entertain such doubts.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
See a complete list of bibliographies and indexes on the St. Louis Public Library website:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
St. Louis Public Library website: http://www.slpl.org/
PART IV
Sanger, S. L. Hanford and the Bomb: an Oral History of World War II. Seattle: Living History Press, 1989. 199 p. Photographs; bibliography. Central-ST 623.451
Many people are aware of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos facility: fewer are aware that workers at other top-secret locations also contributed to the manufacture of the world's first atomic weapons. This is an oral history of the Project's Hanford, Washington facility, which manufactured plutonium to be used in the first bomb. The author interviewed dozens of former Hanford employees in 1986, and allowed them to tell their stories with as few interruptions as possible.
Skates, John Ray. The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. 276 p. Maps; bibliography; index. Central-ST 940.5425
Author argues that U.S. insistence on Japanese unconditional surrender made dropping of the atomic bomb a foregone conclusion, when invasion of the Japanese mainland would have been a less costly alternative than has been previously believed, and a naval blockade of Japan as an alternative to invasion was never even seriously considered.
Stern, Philip M. The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial. New York: Harper & Row, 1969. 591 p. Notes; index. Central-ST 351.74
J. Robert Oppenheimer, chief scientist of the Manhattan Project, was denounced as a Communist after the war and removed from his government position after revocation of his security clearance. Includes a post-script by Lloyd K. Garrison, Oppenheimer's chief counsel at his loyalty hearings.
Szasz, Ferenc Morton. The Day the Sun Rose Twice: the Story of the Trinity Site Nuclear Explosion, July 16, 1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984. 233 p. Central-ST 623.45119
Focuses on the Trinity site in New Mexico, the scene on July 16, 1945, of the detonation of the world's first nuclear weapon. The author provides coverage of the events leading up to the test, and then looks at the aftermath (physical and political) of the blast. The author interviewed numerous persons connected with the Trinity test. One reported that General Leslie Groves, the military man in charge of the Manhattan Project, on viewing the crater created by the Trinity blast, said, "Is that all?" The observer felt that General Groves seemed somewhat disappointed that the hole didn't extend to the center of the earth.
Takaki, Ronald T. Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1995. 193 p. Photographs; notes; index. Central-ST, CP 940.5425
Argues that most American principal players in the decision to use the atomic bomb, both civilian and military, had doubts about the morality of their actions. He further suggests that even President Truman, who was always quick to publicly deny any doubts or misgivings about use of the bomb, privately did entertain such doubts.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
See a complete list of bibliographies and indexes on the St. Louis Public Library website:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
St. Louis Public Library website: http://www.slpl.org/
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT-- PART III
The Manhattan Project: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography of Books in the Collection of St. Louis Public Library
PART III
Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965. 333 p. Photographs; maps; bibliography; index. Central-ST 623.4
A study of the Manhattan project from initial construction at the Los Alamos site in spring 1943 to the Trinity site detonation on July 16, 1945. Includes a discussion of the clandestine (and sometimes amusing) ways in which scientific and medical personnel were recruited for the Project. A discussion of cover stories invented to obscure the real purpose of the Los Alamos facility reveals that the site was rumored to be a nudist colony or home for pregnant WACs. One man showed up at the main gate and told guards he'd heard that an American Vatican was being built there, and that he wanted to apply for the job of American Pope.
Lanouette, William. Genius in the Shadows: a Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1992. 587 p. Photographs; notes; bibliography; index. Central-BT B SZILARD
Story of the scientist who first developed the idea of obtaining energy from nuclear chain reactions. Szilard co-designed (with Enrico Fermi) the first nuclear reactor, and (together with Albert Einstein) was the first scientist to pressure the U.S. government into funding atomic research.
Lawren, William. The General and the Bomb: a Biography of General Leslie R. Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1988. Notes; bibliography; glossary; index. Central-ST B GROVES
Colonel (later Major-General) Leslie Groves was the man the Army assigned the job of building and operating the Manhattan Project sites, and riding herd over the soldiers, scientists, and civilian employees of the Project. General Groves was respected but not well-liked by most of his coworkers and subordinates.
Maddox, Robert James. Weapons for Victory: the Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995. 215 p. Bibliography; index. Central-ST, BU, CP 940.5425
Another examination of whether or not it was necessary to use atomic weapons against Japan. One school holds that a decision not to use the Bomb would have meant an invasion of Japan that might have caused 250,000 to 500,000 American casualties and even higher Japanese losses. An opposing school holds that the decision to drop the Bomb was intended to serve a warning to the Soviet Union, then an ally of the U.S. but viewed by many as sure to be its major opponent in the post-war world. Maddox suggests that President Truman's hands were to an extent tied: the decision to use the Bomb had already been made by Roosevelt and his advisers before FDR's death in April 1945. He also suggests that supporters of an invasion of the Japanese homeland vastly underestimate both the number of potential Japanese defenders and the number of American casualties such an invasion would have incurred.
Reminiscences of Los Alamos, 1943-1945. Edited by Lawrence Badash, Joseph O. Hirschfelder, and Herbert P. Broida. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1980. 188 p. Index; biographical notes. Central-ST 623.45119
The editors note in their introduction that a dearth of reminiscences by scientists involved in the Manhattan Project was one factor that motivated them to compile this book of interviews with Project scientists who worked at the Los Alamos facility. Included is an interview with Richard P. Feynman, who would later become famous but was then just "a young graduate student working on his thesis." Feynman notes that Princeton scholars recruited for the Manhattan Project were told not to buy train tickets to Albuquerque in Princeton, because that would probably raise the eyebrows of people not connected with the project. Feynman went ahead and bought his ticket in Princeton anyway, figuring that everybody else would buy their tickets elsewhere. The ticket seller at the train station said, "Oh, so all this stuff is for you!" The security masterminds had remembered to disperse shipment of personnel but not shipment of materiel.
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. 886 p. Photographs; maps; diagrams; bibliography; index. BU 623.45119
The story of the half-century of discoveries in physics (1900-1945) that culminated in the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Thorough coverage of the Manhattan Project, and of German and Japanese efforts to build an atomic bomb.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
See a complete list of bibliographies and indexes on the St. Louis Public Library website:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
http://www.slpl.org/
PART III
Lamont, Lansing. Day of Trinity. New York: Atheneum, 1965. 333 p. Photographs; maps; bibliography; index. Central-ST 623.4
A study of the Manhattan project from initial construction at the Los Alamos site in spring 1943 to the Trinity site detonation on July 16, 1945. Includes a discussion of the clandestine (and sometimes amusing) ways in which scientific and medical personnel were recruited for the Project. A discussion of cover stories invented to obscure the real purpose of the Los Alamos facility reveals that the site was rumored to be a nudist colony or home for pregnant WACs. One man showed up at the main gate and told guards he'd heard that an American Vatican was being built there, and that he wanted to apply for the job of American Pope.
Lanouette, William. Genius in the Shadows: a Biography of Leo Szilard, the Man Behind the Bomb. New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1992. 587 p. Photographs; notes; bibliography; index. Central-BT B SZILARD
Story of the scientist who first developed the idea of obtaining energy from nuclear chain reactions. Szilard co-designed (with Enrico Fermi) the first nuclear reactor, and (together with Albert Einstein) was the first scientist to pressure the U.S. government into funding atomic research.
Lawren, William. The General and the Bomb: a Biography of General Leslie R. Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1988. Notes; bibliography; glossary; index. Central-ST B GROVES
Colonel (later Major-General) Leslie Groves was the man the Army assigned the job of building and operating the Manhattan Project sites, and riding herd over the soldiers, scientists, and civilian employees of the Project. General Groves was respected but not well-liked by most of his coworkers and subordinates.
Maddox, Robert James. Weapons for Victory: the Hiroshima Decision Fifty Years Later. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995. 215 p. Bibliography; index. Central-ST, BU, CP 940.5425
Another examination of whether or not it was necessary to use atomic weapons against Japan. One school holds that a decision not to use the Bomb would have meant an invasion of Japan that might have caused 250,000 to 500,000 American casualties and even higher Japanese losses. An opposing school holds that the decision to drop the Bomb was intended to serve a warning to the Soviet Union, then an ally of the U.S. but viewed by many as sure to be its major opponent in the post-war world. Maddox suggests that President Truman's hands were to an extent tied: the decision to use the Bomb had already been made by Roosevelt and his advisers before FDR's death in April 1945. He also suggests that supporters of an invasion of the Japanese homeland vastly underestimate both the number of potential Japanese defenders and the number of American casualties such an invasion would have incurred.
Reminiscences of Los Alamos, 1943-1945. Edited by Lawrence Badash, Joseph O. Hirschfelder, and Herbert P. Broida. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1980. 188 p. Index; biographical notes. Central-ST 623.45119
The editors note in their introduction that a dearth of reminiscences by scientists involved in the Manhattan Project was one factor that motivated them to compile this book of interviews with Project scientists who worked at the Los Alamos facility. Included is an interview with Richard P. Feynman, who would later become famous but was then just "a young graduate student working on his thesis." Feynman notes that Princeton scholars recruited for the Manhattan Project were told not to buy train tickets to Albuquerque in Princeton, because that would probably raise the eyebrows of people not connected with the project. Feynman went ahead and bought his ticket in Princeton anyway, figuring that everybody else would buy their tickets elsewhere. The ticket seller at the train station said, "Oh, so all this stuff is for you!" The security masterminds had remembered to disperse shipment of personnel but not shipment of materiel.
Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. 886 p. Photographs; maps; diagrams; bibliography; index. BU 623.45119
The story of the half-century of discoveries in physics (1900-1945) that culminated in the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Thorough coverage of the Manhattan Project, and of German and Japanese efforts to build an atomic bomb.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
See a complete list of bibliographies and indexes on the St. Louis Public Library website:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
http://www.slpl.org/
Friday, November 27, 2009
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT-- PART II
The Manhattan Project: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography of Books in the Collection of St. Louis Public Library
PART II
Fermi, Rachel and Esther Samra. Picturing the Bomb: Photographs from the Secret World of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1995. 232 p. Photographs; chronology; glossary; annotated bibliography; index. Central-HU, BU 355.825119
Beautifully reproduced photographs of persons and places associated with the Manhattan Project, many in black-and-white but some in color (color photographs from World War II to my mind make the war seem more like a real, historical event-- black-and-white photos somehow seem more like still photos from a motion picture).
Goodchild, Peter. J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of Worlds. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1981. 301 p. Photographs; diagrams; bibliography; index. Central-ST B OPPENHEIMER
J. Robert Oppenheimer was chief scientist and top civilian administrator of the Manhattan Project. The focus of this book is his work on the Manhattan Project, and his post-war troubles with allegations of disloyalty and involvement with Communists. Includes many photographs of Oppenheimer family members and associates, plus wonderfully clear diagrams of the structure of various scientific apparatus and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs.
Greene, Bob. Duty: a Father, His Son, and the Man Who Won the War. New York: William Morrow, 2000. 295 p. Central-PO, BU, CO, CP, DA, KI, SC 973.917
Newspaperman Greene was told by his dying father, a World War II infantryman, that Paul Tibbets, pilot of the Enola Gay, the airplane that dropped the Hiroshima bomb, was living in Greene's hometown, Columbus, Ohio. Greene recorded conversations he had with his father and with Tibbets, whom Greene met on the morning after the last meal he ever ate with his father.
Groueff, Stephane. Manhattan Project: the Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967. 371 p. Photographs; bibliography; index; endpaper (a map showing sites associated with the Manhattan Project). Central-ST 623.4
Straightforward but engrossing history of the Manhattan Project from its beginnings at the turn of the century in the obscure theories of European scientists to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
Hales, Peter Bacon. Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1997. 447 p. Photographs; notes; index. Central-BT 355.25119
The story of what Hales calls "atomic spaces": the three large and nearly 100 small sites created by the Manhattan Engineer District (more commonly known as the Manhattan Project). The focus is on the three large sites: Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Hanford, Washington; and Los Alamos, New Mexico. Hales' main interest is in how these sites functioned as places to live and to work, and how the military maintained control over a mixed population of soldiers, scientists, and civilian workers.
Harry S. Truman and the Bomb: a Documentary History. Edited with commentary by Robert H. Ferrell. Worland, WY: High Plains Publishing Company, 1996. 125 p. Photographs; images of documents; bibliography; index. Central-ST, BU, KI 973.918
Transcriptions of memos, press releases, official reports, and entries in President Truman's diary that relate to his decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan.
Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985. New ed. with final chapter written forty years after the explosion. 196 p. Central-ST, CO, KI, SC, WA 940.5425
Hersey's book was first printed as the entire August 31, 1946 issue of the New Yorker magazine. It followed the lives of six persons living in Hiroshima through one day: August 6, 1945, the day the atomic bomb was dropped on that Japanese city. This new edition includes a final chapter that explores what the six were up to forty years after the Bomb changed everything: themselves, the city they lived in, warfare, world politics-- even physics textbooks.
Howes, Ruth and Carolyn L. Herzenberg. Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999. Photographs; list of female employees of the Manhattan Project; chronology; bibliography; index. Central-BT 355.825119
The authors (both working physicists) tracked down more than 300 women employed as scientists, technicians, nurses, and clerical workers (plus a number of WACs) by the Manhattan Engineering District. They interviewed still-living women and put together this history of women's vital contributions to the Manhattan Project and the war effort.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
See a complete list of bibliographies and indexes on the St. Louis Public Library website:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
http://www.slpl.org/
PART II
Fermi, Rachel and Esther Samra. Picturing the Bomb: Photographs from the Secret World of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1995. 232 p. Photographs; chronology; glossary; annotated bibliography; index. Central-HU, BU 355.825119
Beautifully reproduced photographs of persons and places associated with the Manhattan Project, many in black-and-white but some in color (color photographs from World War II to my mind make the war seem more like a real, historical event-- black-and-white photos somehow seem more like still photos from a motion picture).
Goodchild, Peter. J. Robert Oppenheimer: Shatterer of Worlds. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1981. 301 p. Photographs; diagrams; bibliography; index. Central-ST B OPPENHEIMER
J. Robert Oppenheimer was chief scientist and top civilian administrator of the Manhattan Project. The focus of this book is his work on the Manhattan Project, and his post-war troubles with allegations of disloyalty and involvement with Communists. Includes many photographs of Oppenheimer family members and associates, plus wonderfully clear diagrams of the structure of various scientific apparatus and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs.
Greene, Bob. Duty: a Father, His Son, and the Man Who Won the War. New York: William Morrow, 2000. 295 p. Central-PO, BU, CO, CP, DA, KI, SC 973.917
Newspaperman Greene was told by his dying father, a World War II infantryman, that Paul Tibbets, pilot of the Enola Gay, the airplane that dropped the Hiroshima bomb, was living in Greene's hometown, Columbus, Ohio. Greene recorded conversations he had with his father and with Tibbets, whom Greene met on the morning after the last meal he ever ate with his father.
Groueff, Stephane. Manhattan Project: the Untold Story of the Making of the Atomic Bomb. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967. 371 p. Photographs; bibliography; index; endpaper (a map showing sites associated with the Manhattan Project). Central-ST 623.4
Straightforward but engrossing history of the Manhattan Project from its beginnings at the turn of the century in the obscure theories of European scientists to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
Hales, Peter Bacon. Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1997. 447 p. Photographs; notes; index. Central-BT 355.25119
The story of what Hales calls "atomic spaces": the three large and nearly 100 small sites created by the Manhattan Engineer District (more commonly known as the Manhattan Project). The focus is on the three large sites: Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Hanford, Washington; and Los Alamos, New Mexico. Hales' main interest is in how these sites functioned as places to live and to work, and how the military maintained control over a mixed population of soldiers, scientists, and civilian workers.
Harry S. Truman and the Bomb: a Documentary History. Edited with commentary by Robert H. Ferrell. Worland, WY: High Plains Publishing Company, 1996. 125 p. Photographs; images of documents; bibliography; index. Central-ST, BU, KI 973.918
Transcriptions of memos, press releases, official reports, and entries in President Truman's diary that relate to his decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan.
Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985. New ed. with final chapter written forty years after the explosion. 196 p. Central-ST, CO, KI, SC, WA 940.5425
Hersey's book was first printed as the entire August 31, 1946 issue of the New Yorker magazine. It followed the lives of six persons living in Hiroshima through one day: August 6, 1945, the day the atomic bomb was dropped on that Japanese city. This new edition includes a final chapter that explores what the six were up to forty years after the Bomb changed everything: themselves, the city they lived in, warfare, world politics-- even physics textbooks.
Howes, Ruth and Carolyn L. Herzenberg. Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999. Photographs; list of female employees of the Manhattan Project; chronology; bibliography; index. Central-BT 355.825119
The authors (both working physicists) tracked down more than 300 women employed as scientists, technicians, nurses, and clerical workers (plus a number of WACs) by the Manhattan Engineering District. They interviewed still-living women and put together this history of women's vital contributions to the Manhattan Project and the war effort.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
See a complete list of bibliographies and indexes on the St. Louis Public Library website:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
http://www.slpl.org/
Friday, November 20, 2009
DOWNTOWN PARKING NEWS
Here's a bit of news not likely to brighten your holiday season. Several remaining bright spots: parking is still free here on Saturdays and on Monday evenings from 7 p.m-9 p.m., and there are still several weekday free spaces on our lot at 15th & Olive. Also, you may choose to park on one of the all-day lots and avoid entirely the need to run and feed the meter.
From the official announcement:
Effective Monday, November 30, most parking meters in the Downtown area will cost $1 for one hour of parking. This will include the meters around Central Library and Central Express. Please notify persons of this change who may be planning to visit one of these locations.
This action was taken to encourage people who are downtown for longer periods of time to use a parking garage or parking lot rather than “feed the meter.” Downtown workers and others were often using meters for several hours or all day. Parking meters were then unavailable for someone wanting to make a short stop at a business or go to a restaurant for lunch.
Meters are FREE (for up to 2 hours) on holidays, weekends, and in the evening after 7 p.m. There is limited free parking for visitors on the Library’s parking lot at 15th & Olive. The available parking spaces are numbers 32 through 42. Library visitors can park in one of these spots, pick up a parking slip/form in Central Library, and turn in the slip at 1415 Olive for a token to exit the gated lot.
From the official announcement:
Effective Monday, November 30, most parking meters in the Downtown area will cost $1 for one hour of parking. This will include the meters around Central Library and Central Express. Please notify persons of this change who may be planning to visit one of these locations.
This action was taken to encourage people who are downtown for longer periods of time to use a parking garage or parking lot rather than “feed the meter.” Downtown workers and others were often using meters for several hours or all day. Parking meters were then unavailable for someone wanting to make a short stop at a business or go to a restaurant for lunch.
Meters are FREE (for up to 2 hours) on holidays, weekends, and in the evening after 7 p.m. There is limited free parking for visitors on the Library’s parking lot at 15th & Olive. The available parking spaces are numbers 32 through 42. Library visitors can park in one of these spots, pick up a parking slip/form in Central Library, and turn in the slip at 1415 Olive for a token to exit the gated lot.
Thursday, November 19, 2009
WORLD WAR II INTERVIEWS PROJECT
If you know a WWII veteran (or if you are a WWII veteran), here's a link to a great list of questions that can be used to interview a vet and capture those historically significant memories before the chance to do so passes us by:
LINK
LINK
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
THE MANHATTAN PROJECT-- PART I
The Manhattan Project: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography of Books in the Collection of St. Louis Public Library
PART I
Albright, Joseph and Marcia Kunstel. Bombshell: the Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy. New York: Times Books, 1997. 399 p. Photographs; bibliography; index. Central-HU 327.1247073
Story of the Soviet atomic bomb spy ring that focuses on Ted Hall, a physics prodigy who joined the Manhattan Project when he was only 18 years old. Although he worked as a spy for the Soviets for years, he managed to avoid detection until part of the Soviet archives became public in the 1990s, by which time he was retired and living in England.
Astor, Gerald. Operation Iceberg: the Invasion and Conquest of Okinawa in World War II. New York: Donald I. Fine, 1995. 480 p. Photographs; maps; bibliography; cast of characters; index. Central-HG 940.5425
Persons wishing to justify the avoidance of an invasion of the Japanese homeland by any means necessary need look no further than the invasion of Okinawa in May 1945. Okinawa, an island approximately halfway between the Philippine Islands and Tokyo, was a perfect jumping-off point for either an invasion of Japan or for saturation bombing of the Japanese mainland. Capturing the island from its 100,000 Japanese defenders resulted in 7,700 American soldiers KIA and 31,800 WIA, with further damage to the American fleet of 5,000 sailors and 34 ships lost, and 5,000 seamen wounded. Invasion planners used the examples of Iwo Jima and Okinawa to help them project estimates of the number of American casualties an invasion of Japan might produce (estimates ranged from a low of 250,000 to a high of 1,000,000). Such a potentially high cost in American lives was a major factor in President Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and thus avoid an invasion of the Japanese homeland.
Bernstein, Jeremy. Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004. 223 p. Photographs; illustrations; index. Central-HU, BU B
Biography by a man who knew Oppenheimer when he was teaching at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton in the late 1950s. The author has uncovered some remarkable stories about his subject, including the fact that other campers at a summer camp Oppenheimer attended while a teen painted his bottom and genitals green and locked him naked in an icehouse overnight. A life that included both that experience and the Trinity explosion on July 16, 1945, must have been an interesting one, indeed, and Bernstein does a great job of illuminating in a relatively small number of pages the life of a most complex individual.
Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. American Prometheus: the Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. NY: Alfred Knopf, 2005. 721 p. Photographs; bibliography; index. Central-HU, BU, CP, KI
The Pulitzer Prize-winning full-length biography of Oppenheimer is the first to tackle all aspects of his life: scientific, political, and personal. The authors read through thousands of pages of archival records, including massive FBI files, and interviewed one hundred Oppenheimer relatives, friends, and associates. The results of their hard work are visible on every page.
Conant, Jennet. 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos. NY: Simon & Schuster, 2005. 424 p. Photographs; maps; bibliography; index. Central-HG, BU 623, 45119
A study of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos facility that takes as its main characters J. Robert Oppenheimer, Los Alamos project director, and Dorothy McKibbin, receptionist and "gatekeeper" at Los Alamos. The author is the granddaughter of James B. Conant, a scientist and Manhattan Project top administrator. The book includes a look at the 1950s hearings during which Oppenheimer was stripped of his security clearance due to past association with known Communists, and describes the sad fates of Oppenheimer, his wife, and his daughter.
De Groot, Gerard J. The Bomb: a Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. 397 p. Photographs; bibliography; index. Central-HG, HU 623.4511909
An entertaining (yet highly critical) look at the development of nuclear weapons, including lengthy sections on the Manhattan project and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs. The author's lengthy research includes lots of interesting details about the period, including the fact that when Paul Tibbets, pilot of the plane that dropped the Hiroshima bomb, tried to show a film of the Trinity bomb test to his flight crew, the projector jammed. Tibbets then had to attempt to describe to the crew the contents of the film. A crewman who witnessed Tibbets' talk said, "It was like some weird dream," although, at that time, he could not have known how right he was. We also learn that, at the time of the atomic bombing, the population of Hiroshima included approximately 5,000 American citizens- the children of U.S. citizens of Japanese descent who had been detained for security reasons by the American government.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
See a complete list of bibliographies and indexes on the St. Louis Public Library website:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
PART I
Albright, Joseph and Marcia Kunstel. Bombshell: the Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy. New York: Times Books, 1997. 399 p. Photographs; bibliography; index. Central-HU 327.1247073
Story of the Soviet atomic bomb spy ring that focuses on Ted Hall, a physics prodigy who joined the Manhattan Project when he was only 18 years old. Although he worked as a spy for the Soviets for years, he managed to avoid detection until part of the Soviet archives became public in the 1990s, by which time he was retired and living in England.
Astor, Gerald. Operation Iceberg: the Invasion and Conquest of Okinawa in World War II. New York: Donald I. Fine, 1995. 480 p. Photographs; maps; bibliography; cast of characters; index. Central-HG 940.5425
Persons wishing to justify the avoidance of an invasion of the Japanese homeland by any means necessary need look no further than the invasion of Okinawa in May 1945. Okinawa, an island approximately halfway between the Philippine Islands and Tokyo, was a perfect jumping-off point for either an invasion of Japan or for saturation bombing of the Japanese mainland. Capturing the island from its 100,000 Japanese defenders resulted in 7,700 American soldiers KIA and 31,800 WIA, with further damage to the American fleet of 5,000 sailors and 34 ships lost, and 5,000 seamen wounded. Invasion planners used the examples of Iwo Jima and Okinawa to help them project estimates of the number of American casualties an invasion of Japan might produce (estimates ranged from a low of 250,000 to a high of 1,000,000). Such a potentially high cost in American lives was a major factor in President Truman's decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and thus avoid an invasion of the Japanese homeland.
Bernstein, Jeremy. Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2004. 223 p. Photographs; illustrations; index. Central-HU, BU B
Biography by a man who knew Oppenheimer when he was teaching at the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton in the late 1950s. The author has uncovered some remarkable stories about his subject, including the fact that other campers at a summer camp Oppenheimer attended while a teen painted his bottom and genitals green and locked him naked in an icehouse overnight. A life that included both that experience and the Trinity explosion on July 16, 1945, must have been an interesting one, indeed, and Bernstein does a great job of illuminating in a relatively small number of pages the life of a most complex individual.
Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. American Prometheus: the Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. NY: Alfred Knopf, 2005. 721 p. Photographs; bibliography; index. Central-HU, BU, CP, KI
The Pulitzer Prize-winning full-length biography of Oppenheimer is the first to tackle all aspects of his life: scientific, political, and personal. The authors read through thousands of pages of archival records, including massive FBI files, and interviewed one hundred Oppenheimer relatives, friends, and associates. The results of their hard work are visible on every page.
Conant, Jennet. 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos. NY: Simon & Schuster, 2005. 424 p. Photographs; maps; bibliography; index. Central-HG, BU 623, 45119
A study of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos facility that takes as its main characters J. Robert Oppenheimer, Los Alamos project director, and Dorothy McKibbin, receptionist and "gatekeeper" at Los Alamos. The author is the granddaughter of James B. Conant, a scientist and Manhattan Project top administrator. The book includes a look at the 1950s hearings during which Oppenheimer was stripped of his security clearance due to past association with known Communists, and describes the sad fates of Oppenheimer, his wife, and his daughter.
De Groot, Gerard J. The Bomb: a Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. 397 p. Photographs; bibliography; index. Central-HG, HU 623.4511909
An entertaining (yet highly critical) look at the development of nuclear weapons, including lengthy sections on the Manhattan project and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs. The author's lengthy research includes lots of interesting details about the period, including the fact that when Paul Tibbets, pilot of the plane that dropped the Hiroshima bomb, tried to show a film of the Trinity bomb test to his flight crew, the projector jammed. Tibbets then had to attempt to describe to the crew the contents of the film. A crewman who witnessed Tibbets' talk said, "It was like some weird dream," although, at that time, he could not have known how right he was. We also learn that, at the time of the atomic bombing, the population of Hiroshima included approximately 5,000 American citizens- the children of U.S. citizens of Japanese descent who had been detained for security reasons by the American government.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
See a complete list of bibliographies and indexes on the St. Louis Public Library website:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
Friday, November 6, 2009
PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS & WIDOWS, PART VII
PART VII
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
T
Tassaro, Charles E.- Carroll Co.- Pvt., 130th Inf., Co. M- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Tate, Alfred- Pemiscot Co.- Pfc., 139th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Tatum, Bee- Mississippi Co.- Cpl.- 354th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Tatum, Oscar W.- Mississippi Co.- Cpl.- 354th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Taylor, George E.- Pettis Co.- Pvt., 806th Pioneer Infantry, Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Taylor, Homer- St. Louis City- Sgt., 303rd Stev. Regiment, Co. E- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Tebbs, Ulysses- St. Louis City- Pvt., 369th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Tennis, Fred N.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Thompson, Kenneth O.- Cpl., 2nd Division, HQ Tn.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Thornburgh, Roy E.- Wayne Co.- Sgt., 18th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Thornton, Hiram Mathis- Howell Co.- Pvt., 358th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Timpe, August F.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 128th Field Artillery, Battery B- St. Mihiel (p. 158)
Truss, Julius J.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 1st Army Artillery, HQ Co.- Suresnes (p. 152)
Tunnell, Claude D.- Gentry Co.- Pvt., 30th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
V
Vaughan, Victor C., Jr.- St. Louis City- Maj., Medical Corps- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
Vaughn, Lawrence T.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Vaughn, Thad- St. Louis City- Pfc., 138th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Venneman, Harry J.- Marion Co.- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. D- Oise-Aisne (p. 155)
Vestal, Jim- Marion Co.- Cpl., 61st Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Vinson, Sassel- St. Louis City- Pfc., 30th Inf., Co. G- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
W
Wagle, John H.- Platte Co.- Pfc., 139th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Walker, David F.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 351st Field Artillery, Battery B.- Suresnes (p. 153)
Walker, John D.- Osage Co.- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. D- Aisne-Marne (p. 155)
Waltman, Chester A.- Jackson Co.- Sgt., 140th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Ward, Sterling- Atchison Co.- Pvt., 117th Inf., Co. L- Somme (p. 149)
Warren, William H.- Bates Co.- Pvt., 321st Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Wear, Arthur Y.- St. Louis City- Capt., 89th Division, 356th Inf.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Webb, Grandville M.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 805th Pioneer Inf., Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Weed, Earl M.- Grundy Co.- S2C, U.S. Naval Reserve- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Weller, John H., Jr.- Callaway Co.- Pvt., 38th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Wells, Edward Henry- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 74th Co., U.S.M.C.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Wells, Henry S.- Polk Co.- Pvt., 110th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Wheeler, Clarence W.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 353th Inf., Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
White, Dudley H.- Boone Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. F- St. Mihiel (p. 149)
White, John A.- Clinton Co.- Pvt., 5th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Aisne-Marne (p. 150)
Wideman, Alfred Carlton- Jefferson Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. D- Suresnes (p. 153)
Wiggins, Edwin L.- Jasper Co.- Sgt., 128th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Wiley, Benedict T.- Lafayette Co.- Sgt. 1C, Signal Corps, 35th Serv. Co.- Suresnes (p. 154)
Willard, Cleveland- Bates Co.- Pvt.- Camp Funston, Co. 4- Oise-Aisne (p. 149- widow's listing)
Willard, Cleveland- Jackson Co.- Pvt., Camp Funston, 4th Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 153- mother's listing)
Williams, Edwin V.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Williams, Floyd W.- St. Clair Co.- Pfc., 352nd Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Willoughby, James W.- Greene Co.- Pfc., 356th Inf., Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Wilson, Carlisle R.- Harrison Co.- Cpt., 139th Inf., Co. G- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Wilson, William D.- St. Clair Co.- Pfc., 128th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Winslow, Wesley- St. Louis City- Pvt., 806th Pioneer Inf., Co. G- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Wiseman, Charles W.- New Madrid Co.- Pvt., 26th Inf., Co. H- Oise-Aisne (p. 155)
Withington, Eugene S.- St. Louis City- Mechanic, 138th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Woodbury, Charles P.- Jackson Co.- 1 Lt., 23rd Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Woodmansee, Leslie- Jasper Co.- Cpl., 130th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Woodworth, James R.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Worms, George T.- Osage Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. M- Aisne-Marne (p. 155)
Worms, William H.- Osage Co.- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Wright, James M.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Wunsch, Charles H.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 355th Inf., Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 158)
Y
Yagel, Charles- Linn Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Yokem, Virgil L.- Saline Co.- Pvt., 18th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Young, Roscoe D.- Chariton Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Z
Zink, Louis F.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Zoller, Herbert T.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Zumwalt, Thomas B.- Franklin Co.- Pvt., 38th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
T
Tassaro, Charles E.- Carroll Co.- Pvt., 130th Inf., Co. M- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Tate, Alfred- Pemiscot Co.- Pfc., 139th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Tatum, Bee- Mississippi Co.- Cpl.- 354th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Tatum, Oscar W.- Mississippi Co.- Cpl.- 354th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Taylor, George E.- Pettis Co.- Pvt., 806th Pioneer Infantry, Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Taylor, Homer- St. Louis City- Sgt., 303rd Stev. Regiment, Co. E- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Tebbs, Ulysses- St. Louis City- Pvt., 369th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Tennis, Fred N.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Thompson, Kenneth O.- Cpl., 2nd Division, HQ Tn.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Thornburgh, Roy E.- Wayne Co.- Sgt., 18th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Thornton, Hiram Mathis- Howell Co.- Pvt., 358th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Timpe, August F.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 128th Field Artillery, Battery B- St. Mihiel (p. 158)
Truss, Julius J.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 1st Army Artillery, HQ Co.- Suresnes (p. 152)
Tunnell, Claude D.- Gentry Co.- Pvt., 30th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
V
Vaughan, Victor C., Jr.- St. Louis City- Maj., Medical Corps- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
Vaughn, Lawrence T.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Vaughn, Thad- St. Louis City- Pfc., 138th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Venneman, Harry J.- Marion Co.- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. D- Oise-Aisne (p. 155)
Vestal, Jim- Marion Co.- Cpl., 61st Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Vinson, Sassel- St. Louis City- Pfc., 30th Inf., Co. G- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
W
Wagle, John H.- Platte Co.- Pfc., 139th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Walker, David F.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 351st Field Artillery, Battery B.- Suresnes (p. 153)
Walker, John D.- Osage Co.- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. D- Aisne-Marne (p. 155)
Waltman, Chester A.- Jackson Co.- Sgt., 140th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Ward, Sterling- Atchison Co.- Pvt., 117th Inf., Co. L- Somme (p. 149)
Warren, William H.- Bates Co.- Pvt., 321st Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Wear, Arthur Y.- St. Louis City- Capt., 89th Division, 356th Inf.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Webb, Grandville M.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 805th Pioneer Inf., Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Weed, Earl M.- Grundy Co.- S2C, U.S. Naval Reserve- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Weller, John H., Jr.- Callaway Co.- Pvt., 38th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Wells, Edward Henry- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 74th Co., U.S.M.C.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Wells, Henry S.- Polk Co.- Pvt., 110th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Wheeler, Clarence W.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 353th Inf., Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
White, Dudley H.- Boone Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. F- St. Mihiel (p. 149)
White, John A.- Clinton Co.- Pvt., 5th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Aisne-Marne (p. 150)
Wideman, Alfred Carlton- Jefferson Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. D- Suresnes (p. 153)
Wiggins, Edwin L.- Jasper Co.- Sgt., 128th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Wiley, Benedict T.- Lafayette Co.- Sgt. 1C, Signal Corps, 35th Serv. Co.- Suresnes (p. 154)
Willard, Cleveland- Bates Co.- Pvt.- Camp Funston, Co. 4- Oise-Aisne (p. 149- widow's listing)
Willard, Cleveland- Jackson Co.- Pvt., Camp Funston, 4th Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 153- mother's listing)
Williams, Edwin V.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Williams, Floyd W.- St. Clair Co.- Pfc., 352nd Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Willoughby, James W.- Greene Co.- Pfc., 356th Inf., Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Wilson, Carlisle R.- Harrison Co.- Cpt., 139th Inf., Co. G- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Wilson, William D.- St. Clair Co.- Pfc., 128th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Winslow, Wesley- St. Louis City- Pvt., 806th Pioneer Inf., Co. G- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Wiseman, Charles W.- New Madrid Co.- Pvt., 26th Inf., Co. H- Oise-Aisne (p. 155)
Withington, Eugene S.- St. Louis City- Mechanic, 138th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Woodbury, Charles P.- Jackson Co.- 1 Lt., 23rd Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Woodmansee, Leslie- Jasper Co.- Cpl., 130th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Woodworth, James R.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Worms, George T.- Osage Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. M- Aisne-Marne (p. 155)
Worms, William H.- Osage Co.- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Wright, James M.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Wunsch, Charles H.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 355th Inf., Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 158)
Y
Yagel, Charles- Linn Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Yokem, Virgil L.- Saline Co.- Pvt., 18th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Young, Roscoe D.- Chariton Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Z
Zink, Louis F.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Zoller, Herbert T.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Zumwalt, Thomas B.- Franklin Co.- Pvt., 38th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
RECENT ADDITIONS TO OUR COLLECTION
Following is a list of items added to the Library collection during 2009 that may prove of interest to the genealogist or historian:
The American Civil War : a Military History / John Keegan. Washington, DC: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.73.
Atlas of the Civil War : a Comprehensive Guide to the Tactics and Terrain of Battle / edited by Neil Kagan & Stephen G. Hyslop. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.70223.
Civil War Records. Deaths Reported by Missouri State Guard & Missouri Confederate Units (5522) / by Kenneth E. Weant. Arlington, TX: the Author, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.3778.
Civil War Records. Missouri State Guard Cavalry Regiments (3751 names) / by Kenneth E. Weant. Arlington, TX: the Author, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.3778.
Civil War Records. Missouri State Guard Infantry Regiments (5418 names) / copyright by Kenneth E. Weant. Arlington, TX: the Author, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.3778.
Civil War Wives : the Lives and Times of Angelina Grimké Weld, Varina Howell Davis, and Julia Dent Grant / Carol Berkin. NY, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy; Popular Library.
Call # 973.7082.
Illinois Central : a Guide to Genealogical Research in Springfield, Illinois / by Thomas A. Pearson. St. Louis, MO: Infinite Mirror Press, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.3773.
Master of War : the Life of General George H. Thomas / Benson Bobrick. NY, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # B Thomas.
The Missouri State Guard : a Selected, Annotated Unit Bibliography / by Thomas A. Pearson. St. Louis, MO: Infinite Mirror Press, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.7478.
Railroad Boys : the Story of the 89th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (1862-1865) / by Thomas A. Pearson. St. Louis, MO: Infinite Mirror Press, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.7473.
Research in the Land Entry Files of the General Land Office: Record Group 49 / compiled by Kenneth Hawkins. Washington, DC: NARA, 2009.
Central Library- Government Information.
Call # AE1.124: 114/2009
The State of Jones : the Small Southern County that Seceded from the Confederacy / by Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer. NY, NY: Doubleday, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.746255.
Tracing Your Irish Family History / Anthony Adolph. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.1072041.
Tracing Your Scottish Family History / Anthony Adolph. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.1072041.
Using Civilian Records for Genealogical Research in the National Archives. Washington, DC: NARA, 2009.
Central Library- Government Information.
Call # AE1.124: 110/2009
And, if you like fiction with a genealogical component:
The Lost Quilter : an Elm Creek Quilts Novel / Jennifer Chiaverini. NY, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2009.
Various library locations
Call # Fic Chiaverini
You can search our catalog at http://www.slpl.org/.
The American Civil War : a Military History / John Keegan. Washington, DC: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.73.
Atlas of the Civil War : a Comprehensive Guide to the Tactics and Terrain of Battle / edited by Neil Kagan & Stephen G. Hyslop. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.70223.
Civil War Records. Deaths Reported by Missouri State Guard & Missouri Confederate Units (5522) / by Kenneth E. Weant. Arlington, TX: the Author, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.3778.
Civil War Records. Missouri State Guard Cavalry Regiments (3751 names) / by Kenneth E. Weant. Arlington, TX: the Author, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.3778.
Civil War Records. Missouri State Guard Infantry Regiments (5418 names) / copyright by Kenneth E. Weant. Arlington, TX: the Author, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.3778.
Civil War Wives : the Lives and Times of Angelina Grimké Weld, Varina Howell Davis, and Julia Dent Grant / Carol Berkin. NY, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy; Popular Library.
Call # 973.7082.
Illinois Central : a Guide to Genealogical Research in Springfield, Illinois / by Thomas A. Pearson. St. Louis, MO: Infinite Mirror Press, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.3773.
Master of War : the Life of General George H. Thomas / Benson Bobrick. NY, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # B Thomas.
The Missouri State Guard : a Selected, Annotated Unit Bibliography / by Thomas A. Pearson. St. Louis, MO: Infinite Mirror Press, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.7478.
Railroad Boys : the Story of the 89th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (1862-1865) / by Thomas A. Pearson. St. Louis, MO: Infinite Mirror Press, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.7473.
Research in the Land Entry Files of the General Land Office: Record Group 49 / compiled by Kenneth Hawkins. Washington, DC: NARA, 2009.
Central Library- Government Information.
Call # AE1.124: 114/2009
The State of Jones : the Small Southern County that Seceded from the Confederacy / by Sally Jenkins and John Stauffer. NY, NY: Doubleday, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 973.746255.
Tracing Your Irish Family History / Anthony Adolph. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.1072041.
Tracing Your Scottish Family History / Anthony Adolph. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books, 2009.
Central Library- History & Genealogy.
Call # 929.1072041.
Using Civilian Records for Genealogical Research in the National Archives. Washington, DC: NARA, 2009.
Central Library- Government Information.
Call # AE1.124: 110/2009
And, if you like fiction with a genealogical component:
The Lost Quilter : an Elm Creek Quilts Novel / Jennifer Chiaverini. NY, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2009.
Various library locations
Call # Fic Chiaverini
You can search our catalog at http://www.slpl.org/.
Friday, October 30, 2009
PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS & WIDOWS, PART VI
PART VI
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
R
Raithel, Otto G.- Cole Co.- Pvt., 125th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Rausch, Ira A.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Reager, Wallace C.- Greene Co.- Pvt., 116th Sup. Tn., Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Reid, Leon S.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 369th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Reid, Walker P.- Greene Co.- Pvt., QM Casual Depot- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Reilly, Terrance C.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 320th Bakery Co.- St. Mihiel (p. 158)
Richards, John- Texas Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Robbins, Herbert R.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 109th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Robertson, Fred R.- Scott Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Roehrig, Richard- St. Louis City- Pvt., 18th Inf., Co. L- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
Rogers, Harvey E.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 16th Inf., Co. L- Oise-Aisne (p. 156)
Ross, Benjamin F.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 128th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Rueter, Fred Frank- Gasconade Co.- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Ryan, William C.- Ripley Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. E- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
S
Sager, Raymond D.- Gentry Co.- Pvt., 18th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Sallee, Carl W.- Cedar Co.- Bugler, 362nd Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Sanders, Arthur F.- Buchanan Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Saylor, Herbert M.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 316th Engineers, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Schmidt, Irwin- St. Louis City- 1st Sgt., 138th Inf., Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Schneider, Leo C.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 104th Ammunition Train- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
Schroeder, August- Franklin Co.- Cpl., 126th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Schwerdt, Louis R.- Warren Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Scott, Isaiah- Cape Girardeau Co.- Pvt., 588th Engineers, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 150)
Scott, William E.- Jackson Co.- 1st Lt., 140th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Searl, Percy T.- Caldwell Co.- Pvt., 3rd Army Corps, Battery B- Suresnes (p. 149)
Seifert, Fred H.- Buchanan Co.- Cpl., 139th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Shaw, Charles Albert- Daviess Co.- 1st Lt., 363rd Inf., Co. E- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Shelton, Joe- Cass Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Shock, Ernest D.- St. Louis Co.- Cpl., 360th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Showers, John V.- Buchanan Co.- Sgt., 2nd Engineers, Co. C- Aisne-Marne (p. 149)
Sibert, Harvey L.- Pettis Co.- Pvt., 139 Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Simpson, Albert F.- St. Clair Co.- Pvt., 137th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Simpson, James Young, Jr.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 82nd Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 153)
Slocum, Charles E.- Jackson Co.- Cook, 145 Inf., Sup. Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Smith, Elmer W.- Cole Co.- Pvt., 355th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Smith, Everett P.- Dent Co.- Pvt., 346th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Smith, Lawrence E.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 7th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Aisne-Marne (p. 157)
Smoot, Claude- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 59th Inf., Co. I- Aisne-Marne (p. 153)
Snider, William Bryan- Cape Girardeau Co.- Pvt., U.S.M.C., Supply Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Solomon, Guy F.- Randolph Co.- Pfc., 355th Inf., Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Southern, Walter- Pemiscot Co.- Pfc., 139 Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Sparks, James Ralph- Dunklin Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Spry, Walker- Cooper Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Staab, Adolph W.- Iron Co.- Pvt., 15th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Stark, Morris J.- St. Louis City- Cpl., 138th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Starks, William H.- Henry Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Steele, Aubrey T.- Bates Co.- Wagoner, 354th Inf., Co. Supply Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 149)
Steitler, John Louis- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 359th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Stephenson, Hugh- Chariton Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Stewart, Ray E.- Johnson Co.- Pvt., 342nd Machine Gun Battalion, Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 154)
Stidham, William H.- Scott Co.- Cook, 140th Inf., HQ Co.- St. Mihiel (p. 158)
Stone, Folsom R.- Henry Co.- Mechanic, 305th Inf., Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Stonebraker, Hubert- Gentry Co.- Pvt., 338th Field Artillery, Battery B- Suresnes (p. 151)
Street, Velpo W.- Randolph Co.- Cpl., 351st Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Summers, Webster T.- Howell Co.- Pvt., 59th Inf., Co. B- Oise-Aisne (p. 152)
Summersby, Kenneth J.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 307th F.S. Battalion, Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
R
Raithel, Otto G.- Cole Co.- Pvt., 125th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Rausch, Ira A.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Reager, Wallace C.- Greene Co.- Pvt., 116th Sup. Tn., Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Reid, Leon S.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 369th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Reid, Walker P.- Greene Co.- Pvt., QM Casual Depot- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Reilly, Terrance C.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 320th Bakery Co.- St. Mihiel (p. 158)
Richards, John- Texas Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Robbins, Herbert R.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 109th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Robertson, Fred R.- Scott Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Roehrig, Richard- St. Louis City- Pvt., 18th Inf., Co. L- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
Rogers, Harvey E.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 16th Inf., Co. L- Oise-Aisne (p. 156)
Ross, Benjamin F.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 128th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Rueter, Fred Frank- Gasconade Co.- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Ryan, William C.- Ripley Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. E- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
S
Sager, Raymond D.- Gentry Co.- Pvt., 18th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Sallee, Carl W.- Cedar Co.- Bugler, 362nd Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Sanders, Arthur F.- Buchanan Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Saylor, Herbert M.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 316th Engineers, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Schmidt, Irwin- St. Louis City- 1st Sgt., 138th Inf., Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Schneider, Leo C.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 104th Ammunition Train- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
Schroeder, August- Franklin Co.- Cpl., 126th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Schwerdt, Louis R.- Warren Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Scott, Isaiah- Cape Girardeau Co.- Pvt., 588th Engineers, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 150)
Scott, William E.- Jackson Co.- 1st Lt., 140th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Searl, Percy T.- Caldwell Co.- Pvt., 3rd Army Corps, Battery B- Suresnes (p. 149)
Seifert, Fred H.- Buchanan Co.- Cpl., 139th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Shaw, Charles Albert- Daviess Co.- 1st Lt., 363rd Inf., Co. E- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Shelton, Joe- Cass Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Shock, Ernest D.- St. Louis Co.- Cpl., 360th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Showers, John V.- Buchanan Co.- Sgt., 2nd Engineers, Co. C- Aisne-Marne (p. 149)
Sibert, Harvey L.- Pettis Co.- Pvt., 139 Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Simpson, Albert F.- St. Clair Co.- Pvt., 137th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Simpson, James Young, Jr.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 82nd Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 153)
Slocum, Charles E.- Jackson Co.- Cook, 145 Inf., Sup. Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Smith, Elmer W.- Cole Co.- Pvt., 355th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Smith, Everett P.- Dent Co.- Pvt., 346th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Smith, Lawrence E.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 7th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Aisne-Marne (p. 157)
Smoot, Claude- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 59th Inf., Co. I- Aisne-Marne (p. 153)
Snider, William Bryan- Cape Girardeau Co.- Pvt., U.S.M.C., Supply Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Solomon, Guy F.- Randolph Co.- Pfc., 355th Inf., Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Southern, Walter- Pemiscot Co.- Pfc., 139 Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Sparks, James Ralph- Dunklin Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Spry, Walker- Cooper Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Staab, Adolph W.- Iron Co.- Pvt., 15th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Stark, Morris J.- St. Louis City- Cpl., 138th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Starks, William H.- Henry Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Steele, Aubrey T.- Bates Co.- Wagoner, 354th Inf., Co. Supply Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 149)
Steitler, John Louis- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 359th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Stephenson, Hugh- Chariton Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Stewart, Ray E.- Johnson Co.- Pvt., 342nd Machine Gun Battalion, Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 154)
Stidham, William H.- Scott Co.- Cook, 140th Inf., HQ Co.- St. Mihiel (p. 158)
Stone, Folsom R.- Henry Co.- Mechanic, 305th Inf., Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Stonebraker, Hubert- Gentry Co.- Pvt., 338th Field Artillery, Battery B- Suresnes (p. 151)
Street, Velpo W.- Randolph Co.- Cpl., 351st Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Summers, Webster T.- Howell Co.- Pvt., 59th Inf., Co. B- Oise-Aisne (p. 152)
Summersby, Kenneth J.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 307th F.S. Battalion, Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD, PART II
"WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD": A BEGINNING RESEARCHER'S GUIDE TO THE SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS WITCHCRAFT TRIALS OF 1692
PART II
Bibliography
1. Boyer, Paul, and Stephen Nissenbaum. SALEM POSSESSED: THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF WITCHCRAFT (1974). ST--301.21
An attempt to determine what underlying social, economic, and political conditions could have combined to make the Salem witch trials possible. Index; sources are identified in extensive footnotes. Two-page chronology of Salem in the 17th century.
2. Burr, George Lincoln. NARRATIVES OF THE WITCHCRAFT CASES, 1648-1706 (1914). HU, ST--133.4
Reprinting of several early accounts of supposed instances of witchcraft and of witchcraft trials, including the trials at Salem. Index.
3. Demos, John. ENTERTAINING SATAN: WITCHCRAFT AND THE CULTURE OF EARLY NEW ENGLAND (1982). HG, ST--974.02
An examination of witchcraft in New England which purposely concentrates on events at places other than Salem (but is still useful as an introduction to the time period). Extensive "Notes" section, plus subject and name indexes. A fascinating appendix lists known witchcraft cases in 17th century New England.
4. Drake, Samuel Gardner. ANNALS OF WITCHCRAFT IN NEW ENGLAND, AND ELSEWHERE IN THE UNITED STATES (1977). ST--133.4
Pages 56-218 are a chronological recounting of supposed instances of witchcraft and of witch trials in New England 1636-1712. Index.
5. Drake, Samuel Gardner. THE WITCHCRAFT DELUSION IN NEW ENGLAND: ITS RISE, PROGRESS, AND TERMINATION (1866). ST--133.4
A reprinting of Cotton Mather's WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD and Robert Calef's answering volume, MORE WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD.
6. Ferguson, Henry. ESSAYS IN AMERICAN HISTORY (1969). ST--917.403
A book of essays, one of which is an extended examination of the witch hysteria in New England ("The Witches," pp. 61-110). An interesting, well-written look at the period that speculates in learned fashion on the causes and effects of the witch delusion. Includes eight pages of notes on sources.
7. Fowler, Samuel Page. SALEM WITCHCRAFT: COMPRISING MORE WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD AND WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD (1865). ST--133.4
Another reprint of the Mather and Calef books about the Salem trials. An appendix lists every Salem Village area person known to have been accused of witchcraft, including children.
8. Gragg, Larry Dale. A QUEST FOR SECURITY: THE LIFE OF SAMUEL PARRIS, 1653-1720 (1990). HG--B Parris
A biography of Samuel Parris, a Salem clergyman whose household was the center of much of the witch activity reported at Salem. Bibliography and index.
9. Gragg, Larry Dale. "Under An Evil Hand." American History Illustrated 27 (March/April 1992): 54-59. HG--P
An illustrated article about the witchcraft trials.
10. Hall, Michael G. THE LAST AMERICAN PURITAN: THE LIFE OF INCREASE MATHER, 1639-1723 (1988). HG--B Mather
A biography of the elder Mather. Includes a section on the Salem witchcraft trials (pp. 256-264), and a portrait of William Stoughton, chief justice at the witch trials. Bibliography and index.
11. Hansen, Chadwick. WITCHCRAFT AT SALEM (1969). ST--133.4
A popular account of the witch trials, well-written and easy to read. Hansen believes that, while innocent people were indeed hung as witches, witchcraft and folk magic had indeed been practiced by several of the accused (among them Bridget Bishop and Wilmot Redd). Annotated bibliography and index.
12. Jackson, Shirley. THE WITCHCRAFT OF SALEM VILLAGE (1956). ST--133.4
Part of the "Landmark Books" series, written by the author of the famous short story, "The Lottery". A popular and well-written account of the witch hysteria and trials, written in part as a response to the McCarthy hearings of the 1950s. There is a list of persons hung as witches on page 150 (one man, Giles Corey, was pressed to death with stones for refusing to plead guilty or not guilty. Giles Corey's story was the inspiration for Miss Jackson's "The Lottery".) Index.
13. Powers, Edwin. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN EARLY MASSACHUSETTS (1966). ST--364
A history of crime and punishment in colonial Massachusetts (1620-1692). Includes a long chapter titled "Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Witch to Live" which includes much information on the Salem witch trials. Excellent index, extensive notes section.
14. RECORDS OF SALEM WITCHCRAFT, COPIED FROM THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (1971). HU--133.4
A reprint of the 1864 printing of the text of existing transcripts of Salem witchcraft examinations and trial proceedings. Divided chronologically and by person accused (because legal proceedings involved action against one accused witch at a time). Includes an index of plaintiffs (accusers).
15. Richardson, Katherine. THE SALEM WITCHCRAFT TRIALS (1983). HU--345.744
Interesting booklet issued by the Essex Institute. While it is a good introduction to the witchcraft trials, it is most notable for its fascinating collection of illustrations and photographs. The illustrations include portraits of most of the trial judges and sketches of homes and buildings associated with the witch trials. There are also black-and-white photographs of still-existing sites. Three useful lists are also included: persons who died as a result of witchcraft accusations (executions and those who died in prison); those who were condemned but not executed; and a list of those persons who made accusations of witchcraft against others. Also includes a selected bibliography and 2 maps of the Salem area circa 1692.
16. Sewall, Samuel. THE DIARY OF SAMUEL SEWALL, 1674-1729 (1973). ST--917.44
A printing of Sewall's diary in two volumes. Sewall was a clergyman and judge at the Salem witch trials. Volume 1 has coverage of the witch trial period, and also has a chronology of Samuel Sewall 1652-1730. No index, but a lengthy Table of Contents can help the researcher locate desired information.
17. Silverman, Kenneth. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF COTTON MATHER (1984). HU--B Mather
A biography of the younger Mather, who wrote WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD. There is quite a bit of Salem witch trial information in a chapter titled "Letters of Thanks From Hell" (pp.83-137). Index (look under "spectral evidence" and "witchcraft").
18. Starkey, Marion Lena. THE DEVIL IN MASSACHUSETTS: A MODERN ENQUIRY INTO THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS (1989). ST--133.4
A well-written and extensively researched look at the Salem witch trials. It is notable for the author's ability to make many of the players in the tragedy come alive. It was first published in 1949, and was written in part as a reaction to and attempt to explain the social dynamics of the Holocaust. Index; annotated bibliography; and "Notes" section.
19. Tree, Christina. HOW NEW ENGLAND HAPPENED: A GUIDE TO NEW ENGLAND THROUGH ITS HISTORY (1976). ST--917.404
A travel guide to historical New England. Pages 45-56 include a brief summary of the witch trials and list still-existing sites connected with the trials. Includes name and place indexes.
20. Upham, Charles Wentworth. SALEM WITCHCRAFT: WITH AN ACCOUNT OF SALEM VILLAGE AND A HISTORY OF OPINIONS ON WITCHCRAFT AND KINDRED SUBJECTS (1959). ST--133.4 (2 vols.)
A reprinting of Upham's classic (some would say biased) account of the witch trials. The book consists of four parts: Part 1 is a history of Salem Village; Part II is a general history of witchcraft in the American colonies; Part III is a detailed examination of the Salem witchcraft trials. The concluding section is a Supplement with several appendices. Volume I of this reprinting includes an index to both volumes, plus a map of Salem Village circa 1692.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
Thomas Pearson
Special Collections Dept.
St. Louis Public Library
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
PART II
Bibliography
1. Boyer, Paul, and Stephen Nissenbaum. SALEM POSSESSED: THE SOCIAL ORIGINS OF WITCHCRAFT (1974). ST--301.21
An attempt to determine what underlying social, economic, and political conditions could have combined to make the Salem witch trials possible. Index; sources are identified in extensive footnotes. Two-page chronology of Salem in the 17th century.
2. Burr, George Lincoln. NARRATIVES OF THE WITCHCRAFT CASES, 1648-1706 (1914). HU, ST--133.4
Reprinting of several early accounts of supposed instances of witchcraft and of witchcraft trials, including the trials at Salem. Index.
3. Demos, John. ENTERTAINING SATAN: WITCHCRAFT AND THE CULTURE OF EARLY NEW ENGLAND (1982). HG, ST--974.02
An examination of witchcraft in New England which purposely concentrates on events at places other than Salem (but is still useful as an introduction to the time period). Extensive "Notes" section, plus subject and name indexes. A fascinating appendix lists known witchcraft cases in 17th century New England.
4. Drake, Samuel Gardner. ANNALS OF WITCHCRAFT IN NEW ENGLAND, AND ELSEWHERE IN THE UNITED STATES (1977). ST--133.4
Pages 56-218 are a chronological recounting of supposed instances of witchcraft and of witch trials in New England 1636-1712. Index.
5. Drake, Samuel Gardner. THE WITCHCRAFT DELUSION IN NEW ENGLAND: ITS RISE, PROGRESS, AND TERMINATION (1866). ST--133.4
A reprinting of Cotton Mather's WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD and Robert Calef's answering volume, MORE WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD.
6. Ferguson, Henry. ESSAYS IN AMERICAN HISTORY (1969). ST--917.403
A book of essays, one of which is an extended examination of the witch hysteria in New England ("The Witches," pp. 61-110). An interesting, well-written look at the period that speculates in learned fashion on the causes and effects of the witch delusion. Includes eight pages of notes on sources.
7. Fowler, Samuel Page. SALEM WITCHCRAFT: COMPRISING MORE WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD AND WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD (1865). ST--133.4
Another reprint of the Mather and Calef books about the Salem trials. An appendix lists every Salem Village area person known to have been accused of witchcraft, including children.
8. Gragg, Larry Dale. A QUEST FOR SECURITY: THE LIFE OF SAMUEL PARRIS, 1653-1720 (1990). HG--B Parris
A biography of Samuel Parris, a Salem clergyman whose household was the center of much of the witch activity reported at Salem. Bibliography and index.
9. Gragg, Larry Dale. "Under An Evil Hand." American History Illustrated 27 (March/April 1992): 54-59. HG--P
An illustrated article about the witchcraft trials.
10. Hall, Michael G. THE LAST AMERICAN PURITAN: THE LIFE OF INCREASE MATHER, 1639-1723 (1988). HG--B Mather
A biography of the elder Mather. Includes a section on the Salem witchcraft trials (pp. 256-264), and a portrait of William Stoughton, chief justice at the witch trials. Bibliography and index.
11. Hansen, Chadwick. WITCHCRAFT AT SALEM (1969). ST--133.4
A popular account of the witch trials, well-written and easy to read. Hansen believes that, while innocent people were indeed hung as witches, witchcraft and folk magic had indeed been practiced by several of the accused (among them Bridget Bishop and Wilmot Redd). Annotated bibliography and index.
12. Jackson, Shirley. THE WITCHCRAFT OF SALEM VILLAGE (1956). ST--133.4
Part of the "Landmark Books" series, written by the author of the famous short story, "The Lottery". A popular and well-written account of the witch hysteria and trials, written in part as a response to the McCarthy hearings of the 1950s. There is a list of persons hung as witches on page 150 (one man, Giles Corey, was pressed to death with stones for refusing to plead guilty or not guilty. Giles Corey's story was the inspiration for Miss Jackson's "The Lottery".) Index.
13. Powers, Edwin. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN EARLY MASSACHUSETTS (1966). ST--364
A history of crime and punishment in colonial Massachusetts (1620-1692). Includes a long chapter titled "Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Witch to Live" which includes much information on the Salem witch trials. Excellent index, extensive notes section.
14. RECORDS OF SALEM WITCHCRAFT, COPIED FROM THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (1971). HU--133.4
A reprint of the 1864 printing of the text of existing transcripts of Salem witchcraft examinations and trial proceedings. Divided chronologically and by person accused (because legal proceedings involved action against one accused witch at a time). Includes an index of plaintiffs (accusers).
15. Richardson, Katherine. THE SALEM WITCHCRAFT TRIALS (1983). HU--345.744
Interesting booklet issued by the Essex Institute. While it is a good introduction to the witchcraft trials, it is most notable for its fascinating collection of illustrations and photographs. The illustrations include portraits of most of the trial judges and sketches of homes and buildings associated with the witch trials. There are also black-and-white photographs of still-existing sites. Three useful lists are also included: persons who died as a result of witchcraft accusations (executions and those who died in prison); those who were condemned but not executed; and a list of those persons who made accusations of witchcraft against others. Also includes a selected bibliography and 2 maps of the Salem area circa 1692.
16. Sewall, Samuel. THE DIARY OF SAMUEL SEWALL, 1674-1729 (1973). ST--917.44
A printing of Sewall's diary in two volumes. Sewall was a clergyman and judge at the Salem witch trials. Volume 1 has coverage of the witch trial period, and also has a chronology of Samuel Sewall 1652-1730. No index, but a lengthy Table of Contents can help the researcher locate desired information.
17. Silverman, Kenneth. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF COTTON MATHER (1984). HU--B Mather
A biography of the younger Mather, who wrote WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD. There is quite a bit of Salem witch trial information in a chapter titled "Letters of Thanks From Hell" (pp.83-137). Index (look under "spectral evidence" and "witchcraft").
18. Starkey, Marion Lena. THE DEVIL IN MASSACHUSETTS: A MODERN ENQUIRY INTO THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS (1989). ST--133.4
A well-written and extensively researched look at the Salem witch trials. It is notable for the author's ability to make many of the players in the tragedy come alive. It was first published in 1949, and was written in part as a reaction to and attempt to explain the social dynamics of the Holocaust. Index; annotated bibliography; and "Notes" section.
19. Tree, Christina. HOW NEW ENGLAND HAPPENED: A GUIDE TO NEW ENGLAND THROUGH ITS HISTORY (1976). ST--917.404
A travel guide to historical New England. Pages 45-56 include a brief summary of the witch trials and list still-existing sites connected with the trials. Includes name and place indexes.
20. Upham, Charles Wentworth. SALEM WITCHCRAFT: WITH AN ACCOUNT OF SALEM VILLAGE AND A HISTORY OF OPINIONS ON WITCHCRAFT AND KINDRED SUBJECTS (1959). ST--133.4 (2 vols.)
A reprinting of Upham's classic (some would say biased) account of the witch trials. The book consists of four parts: Part 1 is a history of Salem Village; Part II is a general history of witchcraft in the American colonies; Part III is a detailed examination of the Salem witchcraft trials. The concluding section is a Supplement with several appendices. Volume I of this reprinting includes an index to both volumes, plus a map of Salem Village circa 1692.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
Thomas Pearson
Special Collections Dept.
St. Louis Public Library
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS & WIDOWS, PART V
PART V
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
M
Mallet, Peter A.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., 39th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Manning, James H.- Perry Co.- Pfc., 140 Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Marsh, James R.- Laclede Co.- Camp McArthur, 30th Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 154)
Marshall, Clark H.- Greene Co.- Pvt., 28th Inf., Co. E- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Martens, Charles- St. Louis City- Supply Sgt., 138th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Martin, Henry L.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 23rd Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Martin, William James- Madison Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 154)
Maupin, Amos- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 354th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
May, Walter Adolph- St. Louis City- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 74th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 149)
McAllister, James L.- Chariton Co.- Sgt. Major, 356th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
McAllister, Wayne- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 18th Inf., Co. B- Suresnes (p. 153)
McBride, Charles E..- Caldwell Co.- Pvt., 30th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
McCarthy, John D.- St. Louis City- Pfc., 138th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
McClary, John D.- Sullivan Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. K- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
McCombs, Lewis J.- Carroll Co.- Pfc., 359th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
McConnell, James- St. Louis City- 1st Lt., 4th Inf., Co. B- Isolated burial (p. 157)
McCormick, Rex- Bates Co.- Pvt., 22nd Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 149)
McKeehan, Guy John- Franklin Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 75th Co., U.S.M.C.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
McKim, Orville C. - Saline Co.- Pvt., 80th Co., Transportation Corps- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
McLin, Edward H.- Lewis Co.- Pvt., 30th Inf., Co. E- Aisne-Marne (p. 154)
McNish, Earnest Alfred- Linn Co.- 2nd Lt.- 369 Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Mead, Alva Levi- Pemiscot Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Meier, Herbert C.- St. Louis City- Sgt., 138th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Meltner, August C.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Mettler, Lee- Cass Co.- Pvt., 137th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Meyer, George H.- Chariton Co.- Pvt., Sept. Rep. Draft, Co. 21- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Miller, Leo- Ripley Co.- Pvt., Classification Camp 449- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Miller, William F.- Henry Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Miller, Willie- Maries Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf. ,Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Mitchell, Dorsey E.- Polk Co.- Cpl., 354th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Monroe, George- Howell Co.- Pvt., 102nd Inf., Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Moore, Jerome E.- Boone Co.- 1st Lt., 356th Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 149)
Morrison, Roy W.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 28th Inf., Co. F- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Morse, Guy E.- Jackson Co.- 2nd Lt., 135th Aero Squadron- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Moyers, Roy G.- Madison Co.- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Munden, Louis E.- Buchanan Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
N
Neely, Alva O.- Linn Co.- Pvt., 129 Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Niederjohn, Louis H. M.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Nolan, William T., Jr.- St. Louis County- Pvt., 5th Regiment, 51st Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 157)
Nunn, Burrell- Dallas Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
O
O'Connell, Daniel Joseph- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 5th Regiment, 45th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 149)
O'Farrell, John Arthur- Jefferson Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. E- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Opel, Andrew M.- Cole Co.- Cpl., 130th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Orr, Dewy- Carroll Co.- Cpl., 130th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
P
Pahlman, Claude- Cedar Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. I- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Park, Walter Chandler- Montgomery Co.- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. G- Suresnes (p. 155)
Parker, William E.- St. Francois Co.- Camp McArthur, 9th Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 155)
Patterson, Charles E.- Jackson Co.- Pfc., 7th Inf., Co. A- Aisne-Marne (p. 152)
Pearson, Floy R.- Clinton Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. F- Suresnes (p. 150)
Peebles, Robert B., Jr.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 80th Co., U.S.M.C.- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Peers, David K.- St. Louis City- Cpl., 5th Regiment, 47th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 158)
Peery, Franklyn W.- Johnson Co.- Pvt., 4 Inf., Co. E- Aisne-Marne (p. 154)
Phelps, Lloyd- Bollinger Co.- Pvt., 313rd Engineers, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Phelps, William Ernest- Madison Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 84 Co., U.S.M.C.- Oise-Aisne (p. 154)
Phillips, Burl- Douglas Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Potter, Harry N.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Pullem, Frank- Pemiscot Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
M
Mallet, Peter A.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., 39th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Manning, James H.- Perry Co.- Pfc., 140 Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Marsh, James R.- Laclede Co.- Camp McArthur, 30th Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 154)
Marshall, Clark H.- Greene Co.- Pvt., 28th Inf., Co. E- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Martens, Charles- St. Louis City- Supply Sgt., 138th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Martin, Henry L.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 23rd Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Martin, William James- Madison Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 154)
Maupin, Amos- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 354th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
May, Walter Adolph- St. Louis City- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 74th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 149)
McAllister, James L.- Chariton Co.- Sgt. Major, 356th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
McAllister, Wayne- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 18th Inf., Co. B- Suresnes (p. 153)
McBride, Charles E..- Caldwell Co.- Pvt., 30th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
McCarthy, John D.- St. Louis City- Pfc., 138th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
McClary, John D.- Sullivan Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. K- Oise-Aisne (p. 158)
McCombs, Lewis J.- Carroll Co.- Pfc., 359th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
McConnell, James- St. Louis City- 1st Lt., 4th Inf., Co. B- Isolated burial (p. 157)
McCormick, Rex- Bates Co.- Pvt., 22nd Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 149)
McKeehan, Guy John- Franklin Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 75th Co., U.S.M.C.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
McKim, Orville C. - Saline Co.- Pvt., 80th Co., Transportation Corps- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
McLin, Edward H.- Lewis Co.- Pvt., 30th Inf., Co. E- Aisne-Marne (p. 154)
McNish, Earnest Alfred- Linn Co.- 2nd Lt.- 369 Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Mead, Alva Levi- Pemiscot Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Meier, Herbert C.- St. Louis City- Sgt., 138th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Meltner, August C.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Mettler, Lee- Cass Co.- Pvt., 137th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Meyer, George H.- Chariton Co.- Pvt., Sept. Rep. Draft, Co. 21- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Miller, Leo- Ripley Co.- Pvt., Classification Camp 449- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Miller, William F.- Henry Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Miller, Willie- Maries Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf. ,Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Mitchell, Dorsey E.- Polk Co.- Cpl., 354th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Monroe, George- Howell Co.- Pvt., 102nd Inf., Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Moore, Jerome E.- Boone Co.- 1st Lt., 356th Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 149)
Morrison, Roy W.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 28th Inf., Co. F- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Morse, Guy E.- Jackson Co.- 2nd Lt., 135th Aero Squadron- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Moyers, Roy G.- Madison Co.- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Munden, Louis E.- Buchanan Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
N
Neely, Alva O.- Linn Co.- Pvt., 129 Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Niederjohn, Louis H. M.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Nolan, William T., Jr.- St. Louis County- Pvt., 5th Regiment, 51st Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 157)
Nunn, Burrell- Dallas Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
O
O'Connell, Daniel Joseph- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 5th Regiment, 45th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 149)
O'Farrell, John Arthur- Jefferson Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. E- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Opel, Andrew M.- Cole Co.- Cpl., 130th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Orr, Dewy- Carroll Co.- Cpl., 130th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
P
Pahlman, Claude- Cedar Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. I- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Park, Walter Chandler- Montgomery Co.- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. G- Suresnes (p. 155)
Parker, William E.- St. Francois Co.- Camp McArthur, 9th Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 155)
Patterson, Charles E.- Jackson Co.- Pfc., 7th Inf., Co. A- Aisne-Marne (p. 152)
Pearson, Floy R.- Clinton Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. F- Suresnes (p. 150)
Peebles, Robert B., Jr.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 80th Co., U.S.M.C.- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Peers, David K.- St. Louis City- Cpl., 5th Regiment, 47th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 158)
Peery, Franklyn W.- Johnson Co.- Pvt., 4 Inf., Co. E- Aisne-Marne (p. 154)
Phelps, Lloyd- Bollinger Co.- Pvt., 313rd Engineers, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Phelps, William Ernest- Madison Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 84 Co., U.S.M.C.- Oise-Aisne (p. 154)
Phillips, Burl- Douglas Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Potter, Harry N.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Pullem, Frank- Pemiscot Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
Saturday, October 24, 2009
WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD, PART I
It’s nearly Halloween, and this guide to the Salem Witch Trials (that we’re reprinting in two parts) certainly seems appropriate for the season!
WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD: A GUIDE TO THE SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS WITCHCRAFT TRIALS OF 1692
PART I
I. INTRODUCTION
Some persons (many of them ministers and other fairly well-educated persons) were uneasy about the types of evidence used to convict and condemn witches in trials held in New England during colonial days. Five main types of evidence were allowed in the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692, although use of any of these types of evidence was frought with difficulties:
1. Physical evidence, such as an effigy, image, or charm made and employed by a witch in an effort to cause harm to an intended victim.
· The acceptance of physical evidence presupposed that witches (and the Devil) existed, and that they were capable of causing harm to victims by magical means. Even in 1692, these were points that not everyone was willing to concede.
2. Examinations of the witch's unclothed body to uncover witch's marks (i.e., unusual, unnatural protuberances that could be used by the Devil to suck the person's blood and thus seal a deal between himself and that witch).
· The judges at Salem thought the witch's mark could be used by the Devil as a suckling point (the body's natural suckling points, being creations of God, were not fit for devil's work). It was known even then, however, that even god-fearing persons as they age can develop odd bodily protuberances, so such evidence was not normally of itself enough to convict a person of the crime of witchcraft.
3. Self-incrimination (a witch's confession, either voluntary or induced by torture).
· Self-incrimination also presented problems which were recognized even in 1692. There was always the danger that a mentally unbalanced person might confess to witchcraft simply to attract attention to him or herself. There was also a danger that a person might confess as a witch in order to commit a form of suicide (although no one at Salem who confessed to witchcraft was executed).
4. Accusation (self-incriminations often also involved the naming of fellow witches).
· Confessing witches often incriminated others (usually in an effort to curry favor with judges or secure better conditions of incarceration). However, since witches by definition were servants of Satan, the great deceiver, it seemed uncertain even in 1692 if their testimony could be trusted.
5. Spectral evidence (the testimony of the witch's intended victim that the witch's spectral body was the cause of his or her torment).
· Spectral evidence was the most problematic of the types of evidence allowed at Salem. It hinged on three wobbly assumptions: 1. that a witch could send (or allow Satan to send) a spectral double of him or herself to torment an intended victim; 2. that this spectral double could not be sent without the witch's consent; and 3. victims of spectral violence could both see their spectral tormentors and act as reliable witnesses to that torment. Once again, even contemporary observers had questions about the admissibility of spectral evidence. Two main problems troubled contemporary observers:
· A. Did the Devil really need a witch's consent to send a spectral double of that person (a witch is, after all, by definition a servant of Satan)? and
· B. Were afflicted persons (persons tormented by spectral doubles) reliable witnesses against their tormentors? After all, afflicted persons were obviously under great strain during episodes of spectral torment. Finally, it could be (and was) argued that afflicted persons were themselves under Satan's control, and thus not reliable witnesses.
A caution to the researcher: there is still no widespread agreement among historians as to the causes of the witch trials at Salem, and not even complete agreement as to whether all the persons (19) hanged as witches were innocent of the charges against them (that is, some of them apparently did practice on a regular basis what we would nowadays refer to as folk medicine). The careful researcher will need to consult a variety of sources before he or she makes a judgment about the proceedings at Salem.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
Thomas Pearson
Special Collections Dept.
St. Louis Public Library
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
WONDERS OF THE INVISIBLE WORLD: A GUIDE TO THE SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS WITCHCRAFT TRIALS OF 1692
PART I
I. INTRODUCTION
Some persons (many of them ministers and other fairly well-educated persons) were uneasy about the types of evidence used to convict and condemn witches in trials held in New England during colonial days. Five main types of evidence were allowed in the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692, although use of any of these types of evidence was frought with difficulties:
1. Physical evidence, such as an effigy, image, or charm made and employed by a witch in an effort to cause harm to an intended victim.
· The acceptance of physical evidence presupposed that witches (and the Devil) existed, and that they were capable of causing harm to victims by magical means. Even in 1692, these were points that not everyone was willing to concede.
2. Examinations of the witch's unclothed body to uncover witch's marks (i.e., unusual, unnatural protuberances that could be used by the Devil to suck the person's blood and thus seal a deal between himself and that witch).
· The judges at Salem thought the witch's mark could be used by the Devil as a suckling point (the body's natural suckling points, being creations of God, were not fit for devil's work). It was known even then, however, that even god-fearing persons as they age can develop odd bodily protuberances, so such evidence was not normally of itself enough to convict a person of the crime of witchcraft.
3. Self-incrimination (a witch's confession, either voluntary or induced by torture).
· Self-incrimination also presented problems which were recognized even in 1692. There was always the danger that a mentally unbalanced person might confess to witchcraft simply to attract attention to him or herself. There was also a danger that a person might confess as a witch in order to commit a form of suicide (although no one at Salem who confessed to witchcraft was executed).
4. Accusation (self-incriminations often also involved the naming of fellow witches).
· Confessing witches often incriminated others (usually in an effort to curry favor with judges or secure better conditions of incarceration). However, since witches by definition were servants of Satan, the great deceiver, it seemed uncertain even in 1692 if their testimony could be trusted.
5. Spectral evidence (the testimony of the witch's intended victim that the witch's spectral body was the cause of his or her torment).
· Spectral evidence was the most problematic of the types of evidence allowed at Salem. It hinged on three wobbly assumptions: 1. that a witch could send (or allow Satan to send) a spectral double of him or herself to torment an intended victim; 2. that this spectral double could not be sent without the witch's consent; and 3. victims of spectral violence could both see their spectral tormentors and act as reliable witnesses to that torment. Once again, even contemporary observers had questions about the admissibility of spectral evidence. Two main problems troubled contemporary observers:
· A. Did the Devil really need a witch's consent to send a spectral double of that person (a witch is, after all, by definition a servant of Satan)? and
· B. Were afflicted persons (persons tormented by spectral doubles) reliable witnesses against their tormentors? After all, afflicted persons were obviously under great strain during episodes of spectral torment. Finally, it could be (and was) argued that afflicted persons were themselves under Satan's control, and thus not reliable witnesses.
A caution to the researcher: there is still no widespread agreement among historians as to the causes of the witch trials at Salem, and not even complete agreement as to whether all the persons (19) hanged as witches were innocent of the charges against them (that is, some of them apparently did practice on a regular basis what we would nowadays refer to as folk medicine). The careful researcher will need to consult a variety of sources before he or she makes a judgment about the proceedings at Salem.
Copyright © 2009 by St. Louis Public Library. All rights reserved.
Thomas Pearson
Special Collections Dept.
St. Louis Public Library
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS & WIDOWS, PART IV
PART IV
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
J
Jackson, Larney- Montgomery Co.- Pvt., 368th Inf., Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Jamison, Roland Ray- Hickory Co.- PM1C, U.S. Navy- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Janss, Harold Peter- Greene Co.- Pvt., 130th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Jarosik, Jacob Frank- St. Louis City- Pvt., 5th Regiment, 55th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 157)
Jenkins, Ivyl E.- Randolph Co.- Pvt., 103th Inf., Co. H- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Johns, William K.- Cooper Co.- Pvt., 342nd Machine Gun Battalion, Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Johnston, David M.- Franklin Co.- Pfc., 2nd Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Jones, Ira- New Madrid Co.- Pvt., 32nd Engineers, Co. F- Suresnes (p. 155)
Jutz, John F.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 6th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
K
Kasten, Brook F.- Vernon Co.- Pvt., 363rd Inf., Co. L- Flanders Field (p. 159)
Kenney, John F.- Newton Co.- Pvt., 80th Field Artillery, Battery D- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Keune, Carl A.- Linn Co.- Pvt., 32nd Engineers, Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
King, Charles W.- Sullivan Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
King, Roy U.- Cape Girardeau Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Kious, John W.- Clark Co.- Pvt., 360th Inf., Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 150)
Kirkpatrick, Roy- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 126th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Kittel, Alvin R.- Hickory Co.- Pvt., 338th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152) Koenig, Christ- St. Louis City- Pvt., 39th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Kuntz, John C.- St. Louis City- Sgt., 138th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Kurka, Joseph F.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
L
Langkop, Walter T.- Cooper Co.- Pfc., 125th Inf., Co. A- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Langon, Morris- St. Louis City- Pvt., 809th Pioneer Inf., Co. E- Oise-Aisne (p. 157)
Lantis, Clifford L.- Greene Co.- Pvt., 13th Field Artillery, Battery A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Laughlin, George- Caldwell Co.- Pvt., 18th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Layman, Ray- Jackson Co.- Musician, 140th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Leach, William A.- Vernon Co.- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 159)
Leake, Lester F.- Chariton Co.- Pvt., 59th Inf., Co. L- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Lee, Charlie E.- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Lenon, John H.- Howell Co.- Pvt., 60th Inf., Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Leonard, Tom V.- Buchanan Co.- Pfc., 168th Inf., Co. K- Oise-Aisne (p. 149)
LePere, Walter Henry- St. Francois Co.- 6th Regiment, 75th Co., U.S.M.C.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Lewis, Everett D.- Lawrence Co.- Pvt., 364th Inf., Co. M- Flanders Field (p. 154)
Loftus, Michael- St. Louis City- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Lohman, Edward H.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., 163rd Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Long Walter- Jasper Co.- PFC, 130th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Lott, Fred G.- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Love, James O.- Pettis Co.- Cpl., 129th Field Artillery, Battery B- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Lowe, Mannie M.- Adair Co.- Pfc., 139th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
J
Jackson, Larney- Montgomery Co.- Pvt., 368th Inf., Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Jamison, Roland Ray- Hickory Co.- PM1C, U.S. Navy- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Janss, Harold Peter- Greene Co.- Pvt., 130th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Jarosik, Jacob Frank- St. Louis City- Pvt., 5th Regiment, 55th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 157)
Jenkins, Ivyl E.- Randolph Co.- Pvt., 103th Inf., Co. H- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Johns, William K.- Cooper Co.- Pvt., 342nd Machine Gun Battalion, Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Johnston, David M.- Franklin Co.- Pfc., 2nd Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Jones, Ira- New Madrid Co.- Pvt., 32nd Engineers, Co. F- Suresnes (p. 155)
Jutz, John F.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 6th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
K
Kasten, Brook F.- Vernon Co.- Pvt., 363rd Inf., Co. L- Flanders Field (p. 159)
Kenney, John F.- Newton Co.- Pvt., 80th Field Artillery, Battery D- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Keune, Carl A.- Linn Co.- Pvt., 32nd Engineers, Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
King, Charles W.- Sullivan Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
King, Roy U.- Cape Girardeau Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Kious, John W.- Clark Co.- Pvt., 360th Inf., Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 150)
Kirkpatrick, Roy- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 126th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Kittel, Alvin R.- Hickory Co.- Pvt., 338th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152) Koenig, Christ- St. Louis City- Pvt., 39th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Kuntz, John C.- St. Louis City- Sgt., 138th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Kurka, Joseph F.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. L- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
L
Langkop, Walter T.- Cooper Co.- Pfc., 125th Inf., Co. A- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Langon, Morris- St. Louis City- Pvt., 809th Pioneer Inf., Co. E- Oise-Aisne (p. 157)
Lantis, Clifford L.- Greene Co.- Pvt., 13th Field Artillery, Battery A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Laughlin, George- Caldwell Co.- Pvt., 18th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Layman, Ray- Jackson Co.- Musician, 140th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Leach, William A.- Vernon Co.- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 159)
Leake, Lester F.- Chariton Co.- Pvt., 59th Inf., Co. L- Oise-Aisne (p. 150)
Lee, Charlie E.- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Lenon, John H.- Howell Co.- Pvt., 60th Inf., Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Leonard, Tom V.- Buchanan Co.- Pfc., 168th Inf., Co. K- Oise-Aisne (p. 149)
LePere, Walter Henry- St. Francois Co.- 6th Regiment, 75th Co., U.S.M.C.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Lewis, Everett D.- Lawrence Co.- Pvt., 364th Inf., Co. M- Flanders Field (p. 154)
Loftus, Michael- St. Louis City- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Lohman, Edward H.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., 163rd Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Long Walter- Jasper Co.- PFC, 130th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Lott, Fred G.- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Love, James O.- Pettis Co.- Cpl., 129th Field Artillery, Battery B- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Lowe, Mannie M.- Adair Co.- Pfc., 139th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
To see a complete list of our online indexes and bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
PRICE'S RAID & ON BEYOND GOOGLE
Our next program:
October 24 10 a.m.-Noon. Last Hurrah in the Show-Me State: Price's Raid, September- October 1864. Join us as we discuss this last-ditch attempt to capture the St. Louis Arsenal and bring Missouri under the sway of the Confederate States government. Buder Branch. To register or for more information, call 314-539-0381 or send an email to tpearson@slpl.org.
And a November program of possible interest:
November 14 10 a.m.-Noon. On Beyond Google: Internet Searching Tips & Tricks for the Genealogist. Join us as we discuss various ways that genealogists can search for information about ancestors on the Internet (some of them don't involve using Google). Buder Branch. To register or for more information, call 314-539-0381 or send an email to tpearson@slpl.org .
Buder Branch
4401 Hampton Avenue
St. Louis, MO 63109
352-2900
Pre-registration is recommended but not required. To register or for more information, please call 539-0381 or email me at tpearson@slpl.org. Parking on the Buder Branch lot is always free.
It’s easy to add you to my programs notification list. Just email me at tpearson@slpl.org and use NOTIFY in the subject line- that’s all you need to do!
October 24 10 a.m.-Noon. Last Hurrah in the Show-Me State: Price's Raid, September- October 1864. Join us as we discuss this last-ditch attempt to capture the St. Louis Arsenal and bring Missouri under the sway of the Confederate States government. Buder Branch. To register or for more information, call 314-539-0381 or send an email to tpearson@slpl.org.
And a November program of possible interest:
November 14 10 a.m.-Noon. On Beyond Google: Internet Searching Tips & Tricks for the Genealogist. Join us as we discuss various ways that genealogists can search for information about ancestors on the Internet (some of them don't involve using Google). Buder Branch. To register or for more information, call 314-539-0381 or send an email to tpearson@slpl.org .
Buder Branch
4401 Hampton Avenue
St. Louis, MO 63109
352-2900
Pre-registration is recommended but not required. To register or for more information, please call 539-0381 or email me at tpearson@slpl.org. Parking on the Buder Branch lot is always free.
It’s easy to add you to my programs notification list. Just email me at tpearson@slpl.org and use NOTIFY in the subject line- that’s all you need to do!
Tuesday, October 13, 2009
PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS & WIDOWS, PART III
PART III
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
F
Fair, Wilford A.- Jackson Co.- Cpt., Medical Corps- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152, widow listing)
Fair, Wilford A.- Saline Co.- Cpt., Medical Corps- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158, mother listing)
Ferrill, Edward Washington.- St. Louis City- MM2C, U.S. Navy- Oise-Aisne (p. 157)
Fine, Samuel N.- New Madrid Co.- Sgt., Machine Gun Co., 349th Inf.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Fischer, Everett L.- Saline Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Fitzsimmons, William T.- Jackson Co.- 1st Lt., U.S. Army- Somme (p. 152)
Fraas, Frank X.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 129th Field Artillery, Battery C- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Franklin, James A.- Caldwell Co.- Pvt., 34th Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 149)
Freeman, Clyde Allen- Gasconade Co.- Pvt.- 340th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Freiberger, Frank E.- Callaway Co.- Pvt., 349th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
G
Gallagher, William- St. Francois Co.- 138th Inf., Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Galloway, Louis- St. Charles Co.- Pvt., 806th Pioneer Infantry, Co. L-Oise-Aisne (p. 155)
Games, Alfred H.- Dade Co.- Sgt., 22nd Corps, Training Div., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Gean, Henry- Butler Co.- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Gentry, Will- St. Louis City- Pvt., 334th Labor Battalion, Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Gildehaus, Joseph- St. Louis City- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. L- Aisne-Marne (p. 157)
Gilfoyle, Martin E.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Glick, Vernon R.- Livingston Co.- Sgt., 139th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Goddard, Stimson W.- St. Louis City- Cpl., 138th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Goodwin, James D.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 16th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Greene, Arch- Marion Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 76th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 155)
Griffin, Harry J.- St. Francois Co.- Pvt., Overseas Cas. Co. 410- Brookwood (p. 156)
Gustine, Clyde- Clay Co.- Pfc.- 168th Inf., Co. K.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
H
Hadley, Ross T.- Jackson Co.- Cpl.- 16 Inf., HQ Co.- Somme (p. 152)
Hahne, Fred E.- Franklin Co.- Pfc., 315th Field Artillery, HQ Co.- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Hall, Cuit R.- Oregon Co.- Pfc., 25th Inf., Med. Det.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Haller, Richard W.- Cooper Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 150)
Hanmer, John L.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 2nd Army, HQ Troop- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Hannah, John W.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., Med. Repl. Unit 18- Oise-Aisne (p. 154)
Harrah, William H.- Jackson Co.- Pfc., 23rd Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 153)
Harris, Jack- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Hart, William R.- Cole Co.- Pvt., 60th Inf., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Hatfield, Marcus- Putnam Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Hawkins, Frank- Harrison Co.- Pvt., 34th Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Hibdon, Arthur- Morgan Co.- Sgt., 11th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Hill, William- Pettis Co.- 93rd Division, 339th Inf.- Aisne-Marne (p. 155)
Hirsch, Emil- Pettis Co.- Pvt., 110th Engineers, Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Holden, George Donald- Gentry Co.- 1st Lt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Holmes, Louis M.- Montgomery Co.- Cpl., 2nd Engineers, Co. D- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Holterman, Anthony J.- Moniteau Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Hopp, George A.- Jasper Co.- Sgt. 1C, 2nd Engineers. Co. D- Aisne-Marne (p. 153)
Horn, Leslie William- St. Louis City- Pvt., 110th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Horner, Bertram C.- Barry Co.- Pfc., M.P. Co. 293- Flanders Field (p. 149)
Horton, Ernest C.- Washington Co.- Pvt., 115th Engineers, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 159)
Hughes, Elmer Porter.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 23rd Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Hutson, Clarence- Henry Co.- Pfc., 129th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
View the list of SLPL bibliographies & indexes:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
F
Fair, Wilford A.- Jackson Co.- Cpt., Medical Corps- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152, widow listing)
Fair, Wilford A.- Saline Co.- Cpt., Medical Corps- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158, mother listing)
Ferrill, Edward Washington.- St. Louis City- MM2C, U.S. Navy- Oise-Aisne (p. 157)
Fine, Samuel N.- New Madrid Co.- Sgt., Machine Gun Co., 349th Inf.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Fischer, Everett L.- Saline Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Fitzsimmons, William T.- Jackson Co.- 1st Lt., U.S. Army- Somme (p. 152)
Fraas, Frank X.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 129th Field Artillery, Battery C- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Franklin, James A.- Caldwell Co.- Pvt., 34th Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 149)
Freeman, Clyde Allen- Gasconade Co.- Pvt.- 340th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Freiberger, Frank E.- Callaway Co.- Pvt., 349th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
G
Gallagher, William- St. Francois Co.- 138th Inf., Co. F- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Galloway, Louis- St. Charles Co.- Pvt., 806th Pioneer Infantry, Co. L-Oise-Aisne (p. 155)
Games, Alfred H.- Dade Co.- Sgt., 22nd Corps, Training Div., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Gean, Henry- Butler Co.- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Gentry, Will- St. Louis City- Pvt., 334th Labor Battalion, Co. A- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Gildehaus, Joseph- St. Louis City- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. L- Aisne-Marne (p. 157)
Gilfoyle, Martin E.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 165th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Glick, Vernon R.- Livingston Co.- Sgt., 139th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Goddard, Stimson W.- St. Louis City- Cpl., 138th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Goodwin, James D.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 16th Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Greene, Arch- Marion Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 76th Co., U.S.M.C.- Aisne-Marne (p. 155)
Griffin, Harry J.- St. Francois Co.- Pvt., Overseas Cas. Co. 410- Brookwood (p. 156)
Gustine, Clyde- Clay Co.- Pfc.- 168th Inf., Co. K.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
H
Hadley, Ross T.- Jackson Co.- Cpl.- 16 Inf., HQ Co.- Somme (p. 152)
Hahne, Fred E.- Franklin Co.- Pfc., 315th Field Artillery, HQ Co.- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Hall, Cuit R.- Oregon Co.- Pfc., 25th Inf., Med. Det.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Haller, Richard W.- Cooper Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 150)
Hanmer, John L.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 2nd Army, HQ Troop- St. Mihiel (p. 153)
Hannah, John W.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., Med. Repl. Unit 18- Oise-Aisne (p. 154)
Harrah, William H.- Jackson Co.- Pfc., 23rd Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 153)
Harris, Jack- Jackson Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Hart, William R.- Cole Co.- Pvt., 60th Inf., Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Hatfield, Marcus- Putnam Co.- Pvt., 139th Inf., Co. C- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Hawkins, Frank- Harrison Co.- Pvt., 34th Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Hibdon, Arthur- Morgan Co.- Sgt., 11th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Hill, William- Pettis Co.- 93rd Division, 339th Inf.- Aisne-Marne (p. 155)
Hirsch, Emil- Pettis Co.- Pvt., 110th Engineers, Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Holden, George Donald- Gentry Co.- 1st Lt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Holmes, Louis M.- Montgomery Co.- Cpl., 2nd Engineers, Co. D- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Holterman, Anthony J.- Moniteau Co.- Pvt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Hopp, George A.- Jasper Co.- Sgt. 1C, 2nd Engineers. Co. D- Aisne-Marne (p. 153)
Horn, Leslie William- St. Louis City- Pvt., 110th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Horner, Bertram C.- Barry Co.- Pfc., M.P. Co. 293- Flanders Field (p. 149)
Horton, Ernest C.- Washington Co.- Pvt., 115th Engineers, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 159)
Hughes, Elmer Porter.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 23rd Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Hutson, Clarence- Henry Co.- Pfc., 129th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
View the list of SLPL bibliographies & indexes:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
Tuesday, October 6, 2009
PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS & WIDOWS, PART II
PART II
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
C
Caldwell, Ellis- Cape Girardeau Co.- Pvt., 350th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 150)
Call, George- Jasper Co.- Sgt., 6th Regiment, 96th Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Callahan, John, Jr.- Clinton Co.- Pvt., 61st Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Campo, Fred- Jackson Co.- Pfc., 354th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Carroll, Gilbert L.- Vernon Co.- Pvt., 8th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Cary, Edgar C.- Henry Co.- Pvt., 114th Engineers, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Casteel, Harve- Ripley Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Caylor, James H.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. G- Suresnes (p. 152)
Chandler, Elmer- St. Louis City- Pvt., 805th Pioneer Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Chase, Neal- Marion Co.- Pfc., 38th Inf., Co. C- Aisne-Marne (p. 154)
Chrisman, Luther C.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., Med. Repl. Unit 44- Oise-Aisne (p. 154)
Clapper, Carl J.- Newton Co.- Pvt., 314th Mobile Sec.- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Clark, Eul F.- Polk Co.- Pvt., 357th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Clark, Racine- Marion Co.- Pvt., 128th Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Cleveland, Baker B.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Clingan, William Ellis- Greene Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Coleman, Phillip N.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 804th Pioneer Inf., Co. F- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Compton, Letcher C.- St. Louis Co.- 2nd Lt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Cooperrider, Luke- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 125th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 153)
Cope, Laverne G..- St. Louis City- Cpl., 131st Inf., Co. F- Somme (p. 157)
Cordia, Michael- Washington Co.- Cpl., 138th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Cowan, Joe G.- Polk Co.- Pvt., 361st Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Cox, Altus W.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 164th Inf., Co. L- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Crader, Ray T.- Cape Girardeau Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Crisp, Jess- Laclede Co.- 129th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Crowder, Ernest C.- St. Clair Co.- Pvt., 323rd Signal Battalion, Co. C- Suresnes (p. 156)
Crowder, John W.- St. Louis City- Pfc., 39th Inf., Co. D- Oise-Aisne (p. 157)
Cumbo, James S.- Carroll Co.- Sgt., 7th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Curtis, Samuel D.- Marion Co.- Cpl., 139th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
D
Daffern, James A.- St. Louis City- Mechanic, 138th Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Dalton, Eddie- Bates Co.- Pvt., 16th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Danz, Walter- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 84th Co., U.S.M.C.- Oise-Aisne (p. 156)
Davis, Ephraim J.- Douglas Co.- Pfc., 307th Inf., Co. F- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Davis, George A.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 102nd Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Deis, James F.- Saline Co.- Sgt., 140th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Derby, John Francis- Jackson Co.- Pfc., 140th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Devereaux, Leo W.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 102nd Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Dickson, Charles H.- Marion Co.- Sgt., 354th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Dixon, Carl A.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Drescher, Donald N.- St. Louis City- Cpl., 138th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Duel, Granville H.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 57th Pioneer Inf., Co. E- Oise-Aisne (p. 157)
Dunning, Hardaman- Henry Co.- Cpl., 356 Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
E
Eaton, Clifford R.- Sullivan Co.- Pvt., 32nd Engineers, Co. F- Suresnes (p. 158)
Eccher, Richard- Barton CO.- Pvt., 353th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Edwards, Charles S.- Jasper Co.- Sgt., 128th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Edwards, George H., Jr.- Jackson Co.- 1st Lt., Q.M. Corps- Suresnes (p. 152)
Edwards, John H.- Greene Co.- Cpl., 168th Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Elder, August C.- Perry Co.- Pfc., 354th Inf., Co. F- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Ellerbruch, George- Warren Co.- Pvt., 161st Inf., Co. C- Oise-Aisne (p. 159)
English, Allie E.- Pettis Co.- 505th Engineers, Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Ensko, William E.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 318th Engineers, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Erbe, Garrett- St. Louis City- Sgt., 125th Inf., Co. ?- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Erwin, Arthur- Barry Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Erzfield, Martin A.- Perry Co.- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Everson, Ludiwg L.- Jasper Co.- 1st Lt., 129th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B-Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Go to SLPL's list of indexes & bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
The following list of Missouri soldiers, sailors, and marines buried in European cemeteries is abstracted from pages 149-159 of PILGRIMAGE FOR THE MOTHERS AND WIDOWS (1930). The list is organized alphabetically by name of the deceased, and is intended to facilitate access to the Missouri section of PILGRIMAGE. It includes the name of the deceased, city or county of residence, deceased's rank and organization, the cemetery in which the deceased was buried, and the page number in PILGRIMAGE on which this listing appears.
Please contact our Government Information Department (314-539-0375) if you would like a photocopy of the listings for an individual, county, or state from the PILGRIMAGE publication. [Central-Government Information Y1.1/2:9225]
C
Caldwell, Ellis- Cape Girardeau Co.- Pvt., 350th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 150)
Call, George- Jasper Co.- Sgt., 6th Regiment, 96th Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Callahan, John, Jr.- Clinton Co.- Pvt., 61st Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Campo, Fred- Jackson Co.- Pfc., 354th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Carroll, Gilbert L.- Vernon Co.- Pvt., 8th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Cary, Edgar C.- Henry Co.- Pvt., 114th Engineers, Co. B- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Casteel, Harve- Ripley Co.- Cpl., 140th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Caylor, James H.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. G- Suresnes (p. 152)
Chandler, Elmer- St. Louis City- Pvt., 805th Pioneer Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Chase, Neal- Marion Co.- Pfc., 38th Inf., Co. C- Aisne-Marne (p. 154)
Chrisman, Luther C.- Lafayette Co.- Pvt., Med. Repl. Unit 44- Oise-Aisne (p. 154)
Clapper, Carl J.- Newton Co.- Pvt., 314th Mobile Sec.- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Clark, Eul F.- Polk Co.- Pvt., 357th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Clark, Racine- Marion Co.- Pvt., 128th Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Cleveland, Baker B.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 4th Inf., Co. K- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Clingan, William Ellis- Greene Co.- Pvt., 354th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 151)
Coleman, Phillip N.- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 804th Pioneer Inf., Co. F- St. Mihiel (p. 156)
Compton, Letcher C.- St. Louis Co.- 2nd Lt., 140th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Cooperrider, Luke- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 125th Inf., Machine Gun Co.- Oise-Aisne (p. 153)
Cope, Laverne G..- St. Louis City- Cpl., 131st Inf., Co. F- Somme (p. 157)
Cordia, Michael- Washington Co.- Cpl., 138th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 159)
Cowan, Joe G.- Polk Co.- Pvt., 361st Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 156)
Cox, Altus W.- Jackson Co.- Pvt., 164th Inf., Co. L- St. Mihiel (p. 152)
Crader, Ray T.- Cape Girardeau Co.- Cpl., 356th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Crisp, Jess- Laclede Co.- 129th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 154)
Crowder, Ernest C.- St. Clair Co.- Pvt., 323rd Signal Battalion, Co. C- Suresnes (p. 156)
Crowder, John W.- St. Louis City- Pfc., 39th Inf., Co. D- Oise-Aisne (p. 157)
Cumbo, James S.- Carroll Co.- Sgt., 7th Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 150)
Curtis, Samuel D.- Marion Co.- Cpl., 139th Inf., Co. E- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
D
Daffern, James A.- St. Louis City- Mechanic, 138th Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Dalton, Eddie- Bates Co.- Pvt., 16th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Danz, Walter- St. Louis Co.- Pvt., 6th Regiment, 84th Co., U.S.M.C.- Oise-Aisne (p. 156)
Davis, Ephraim J.- Douglas Co.- Pfc., 307th Inf., Co. F- Oise-Aisne (p. 151)
Davis, George A.- Jasper Co.- Pvt., 102nd Inf., Co. B- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Deis, James F.- Saline Co.- Sgt., 140th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 158)
Derby, John Francis- Jackson Co.- Pfc., 140th Inf., Co. K- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
Devereaux, Leo W.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 102nd Inf., Co. I- St. Mihiel (p. 157)
Dickson, Charles H.- Marion Co.- Sgt., 354th Inf., Co. D- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Dixon, Carl A.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 138th Inf., Co. M- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Drescher, Donald N.- St. Louis City- Cpl., 138th Inf., HQ Co.- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Duel, Granville H.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 57th Pioneer Inf., Co. E- Oise-Aisne (p. 157)
Dunning, Hardaman- Henry Co.- Cpl., 356 Inf., Co. G- Meuse-Argonne (p. 152)
E
Eaton, Clifford R.- Sullivan Co.- Pvt., 32nd Engineers, Co. F- Suresnes (p. 158)
Eccher, Richard- Barton CO.- Pvt., 353th Inf., Co. I- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Edwards, Charles S.- Jasper Co.- Sgt., 128th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Edwards, George H., Jr.- Jackson Co.- 1st Lt., Q.M. Corps- Suresnes (p. 152)
Edwards, John H.- Greene Co.- Cpl., 168th Inf., Co. M- St. Mihiel (p. 151)
Elder, August C.- Perry Co.- Pfc., 354th Inf., Co. F- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Ellerbruch, George- Warren Co.- Pvt., 161st Inf., Co. C- Oise-Aisne (p. 159)
English, Allie E.- Pettis Co.- 505th Engineers, Co. C- St. Mihiel (p. 155)
Ensko, William E.- St. Louis City- Pvt., 318th Engineers, Co. A- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Erbe, Garrett- St. Louis City- Sgt., 125th Inf., Co. ?- Meuse-Argonne (p. 157)
Erwin, Arthur- Barry Co.- Pvt., 356th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 149)
Erzfield, Martin A.- Perry Co.- Pvt., 7th Inf., Co. H- Meuse-Argonne (p. 155)
Everson, Ludiwg L.- Jasper Co.- 1st Lt., 129th Machine Gun Battalion, Co. B-Meuse-Argonne (p. 153)
Go to SLPL's list of indexes & bibliographies:
http://previous.slpl.org/libsrc/lisindex.htm
Compiled by Thomas A. Pearson
Special Collections Department
St. Louis Public Library
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)